Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications

✍ Scribed by Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 696
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

A comprehensive, single-source reference on satellite technology and its applications, Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications, Second Edition includes the latest developments on the topic. Covering the features and facilities of satellites and satellite launch vehicles, with an emphasis on the fundamental principles and concepts, the authors provide readers with a complete understanding of the technology. This book explains the past, present and future satellite missions, as well as non-communication related applications. Coverage ranges from remote sensing and navigational uses to meteorological and military areas.

This second edition contains an additional chapter on earth station design and gives extensive focus to space based weapon systems, satellite interference and future trends in satellite technology. Extra information has also been provided on all of the first edition’s topics to enhance the existing coverage.

• Fully updated new edition with latest technological developments
• Covers the full range of important applications such remote sensing, weather forecasting, navigational, scientific and military applications
• Amply illustrated with figures and photographs, this book also contains problems with solutions, which is of benefit students at undergraduate and graduate levels
• An indispensible book for professionals and students in the field of satellite technology
• Companion website provides a complete and updated compendium on satellites and satellite launch vehicles

✦ Table of Contents

SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 19
Part I: Satellite Technology......Page 23
1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum......Page 25
1.2 What is a Satellite?......Page 26
1.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets......Page 29
1.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites......Page 30
1.3.3 Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration – Early Developments......Page 32
1.3.4 Non-geosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes......Page 33
1.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites......Page 34
1.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems......Page 37
1.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems......Page 38
1.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also made Rapid Progress......Page 40
1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles......Page 44
1.5.3 Earth Observation Satellites......Page 50
1.5.4 Navigational Satellites......Page 51
Glossary......Page 52
2.2 Orbiting Satellites – Basic Principles......Page 55
2.2.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation......Page 57
2.2.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion......Page 58
2.2.3 Kepler’s Laws......Page 59
2.3 Orbital Parameters......Page 62
2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories......Page 79
2.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane......Page 85
2.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit......Page 86
2.5.3 Distance from Earth......Page 88
2.5.4 Sun-synchronous Orbit......Page 91
Glossary......Page 94
3.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit......Page 97
3.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters......Page 101
3.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence......Page 113
3.2.2 Launch Vehicles......Page 118
3.3 Orbital Perturbations......Page 119
3.4.1 Spin Stabilization......Page 122
3.4.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization......Page 123
3.4.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites......Page 124
3.5.2 Variation in the Orbital Distance......Page 125
3.5.4 Sun Transit Outrage......Page 126
3.6 Eclipses......Page 127
3.7 Look Angles of a Satellite......Page 129
3.7.1 Azimuth Angle......Page 130
3.7.2 Elevation Angle......Page 131
3.7.3 Computing the Slant Range......Page 133
3.7.4 Computing the Line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites......Page 134
3.8.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area......Page 141
3.8.2 Satellite Ground Tracks......Page 143
3.8.3 Orbit Inclination and Latitude Coverage......Page 144
Further Reading......Page 147
Glossary......Page 148
4.1 Satellite Subsystems......Page 149
4.2 Mechanical Structure......Page 150
4.2.2 Typical Structure......Page 151
4.3 Propulsion Subsystem......Page 152
4.3.2 Types of Propulsion System......Page 153
4.4 Thermal Control Subsystem......Page 160
4.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer......Page 161
4.4.3 Types of Thermal Control......Page 162
4.5.1 Types of Power System......Page 164
4.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems......Page 165
4.5.3 Batteries......Page 170
4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control......Page 174
4.6.2 Orbit Control......Page 175
4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem......Page 176
4.8 Payload......Page 178
4.9 Antenna Subsystem......Page 180
4.9.1 Antenna Parameters......Page 182
4.9.2 Types of Antennas......Page 185
4.10.1 Space Qualification......Page 199
Further Reading......Page 200
Glossary......Page 201
5.1 Types of Information Signals......Page 205
5.1.3 Video Signals......Page 206
5.2 Amplitude Modulation......Page 207
5.2.1 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Signal......Page 208
5.2.3 Noise in the AM Signal......Page 209
5.2.4 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation......Page 211
5.3 Frequency Modulation......Page 217
5.3.1 Frequency Spectrum of the FM Signal......Page 219
5.3.2 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM......Page 221
5.3.3 Noise in the FM Signal......Page 222
5.3.4 Generation of FM Signals......Page 226
5.3.5 Detection of FM Signals......Page 228
5.4.1 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems......Page 235
5.4.2 Digital Pulse Communication Systems......Page 237
5.5 Sampling Theorem......Page 241
5.6 Shannon–Hartley Theorem......Page 242
5.7 Digital Modulation Techniques......Page 243
5.7.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)......Page 244
5.7.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)......Page 245
5.7.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)......Page 246
5.7.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)......Page 247
5.7.6 Offset QPSK......Page 249
5.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing......Page 250
5.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing......Page 251
Glossary......Page 253
6.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques......Page 257
6.1.1 Transponder Assignment Modes......Page 258
6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)......Page 259
6.2.3 Calculation of C/N Ratio......Page 261
6.3.1 SCPC/FM/FDMA System......Page 264
6.3.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMA System......Page 265
6.4.1 MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System......Page 266
6.4.2 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA System......Page 267
6.6 TDMA Frame Structure......Page 268
6.6.2 Traffic Burst......Page 269
6.7.2 Unique Word......Page 270
6.7.3 Signalling Channel......Page 271
6.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability......Page 272
6.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency......Page 273
6.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic......Page 274
6.11.3 Frame Synchronization......Page 276
6.12 FDMA vs. TDMA......Page 278
6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 279
6.13.1 DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception......Page 280
6.13.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System......Page 282
6.13.3 Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System......Page 284
6.13.4 Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems......Page 285
6.14.1 Frequency Re-use in SDMA......Page 287
6.14.2 SDMA/FDMA System......Page 288
6.14.3 SDMA/TDMA System......Page 289
Further Reading......Page 290
Glossary......Page 291
7.1 Transmission Equation......Page 293
7.2.2 Propagation Considerations......Page 295
7.2.4 Interference-related Problems......Page 296
7.3.1 Frequency Allocation and Coordination......Page 297
7.4.1 Free-space Loss......Page 301
7.4.2 Gaseous Absorption......Page 302
7.4.3 Attenuation due to Rain......Page 304
7.4.5 Signal Fading due to Refraction......Page 305
7.4.6 Ionosphere-related Effects......Page 306
7.4.7 Fading due to Multipath Signals......Page 309
7.5.1 Attenuation Compensation Techniques......Page 312
7.6.1 Thermal Noise......Page 313
7.6.2 Noise Figure......Page 314
7.6.3 Noise Temperature......Page 315
7.6.4 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of Cascaded Stages......Page 316
7.6.5 Antenna Noise Temperature......Page 317
7.6.6 Overall System Noise Temperature......Page 321
7.7 Interference-related Problems......Page 324
7.7.1 Intermodulation Distortion......Page 325
7.7.3 Interference due to Adjacent Satellites......Page 328
7.7.5 Adjacent Channel Interference......Page 332
7.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G/T) Ratio......Page 336
7.9 Link Design......Page 338
7.9.2 Link Budget......Page 339
Further Reading......Page 342
Glossary......Page 343
8.1 Earth Station......Page 345
8.2 Types of Earth Station......Page 347
8.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Station......Page 348
8.2.2 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) Earth Stations......Page 349
8.2.3 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Earth Stations......Page 350
8.2.4 Single Function Stations......Page 351
8.2.5 Gateway Stations......Page 352
8.3 Earth Station Architecture......Page 353
8.4 Earth Station Design Considerations......Page 354
8.4.1 Key Performance Parametres......Page 355
8.4.2 Earth Station Design Optimization......Page 357
8.4.3 Environmental and Site Considerations......Page 358
8.5.2 System Level Testing......Page 359
8.6.1 RF Equipment......Page 365
8.6.2 IF and Baseband Equipment......Page 375
8.6.3 Terrestrial Interface......Page 376
8.7.2 Tracking Techniques......Page 379
8.8.1 Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station......Page 386
8.8.3 Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex......Page 388
8.8.4 Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex......Page 389
8.8.5 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex......Page 390
8.8.6 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station......Page 391
8.8.9 INTELSAT Teleport Earth Stations......Page 393
Glossary......Page 395
Part II: Satellite Applications......Page 397
9.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites......Page 399
9.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites......Page 400
9.4 Payloads......Page 401
9.4.1 Types of Transponders......Page 403
9.4.2 Transponder Performance Parameters......Page 404
9.5.1 Advantages of Satellites Over Terrestrial Networks......Page 405
9.5.2 Disadvantages of Satellites with Respect to Terrestrial Networks......Page 406
9.6 Satellite Telephony......Page 407
9.6.2 Mobile Satellite Telephony......Page 408
9.7.1 A Typical Satellite TV Network......Page 410
9.7.2 Satellite–Cable Television......Page 411
9.7.3 Satellite–Local Broadcast TV Network......Page 412
9.7.4 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television......Page 413
9.9.1 Satellite Data Broadcasting......Page 416
9.9.2 VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals)......Page 417
9.10.1 International Satellite Systems......Page 422
9.10.2 Regional Satellite Systems......Page 431
9.11 FutureTrends......Page 434
9.11.4 Development of Light Quantum Communication Techniques......Page 436
9.11.7 Advanced Concepts......Page 437
Further Reading......Page 439
Glossary......Page 440
10.1 Remote Sensing – An Overview......Page 443
10.1.2 Satellite Remote Sensing......Page 444
10.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing Systems......Page 445
10.2.2 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Systems......Page 447
10.2.3 Microwave Remote Sensing Systems......Page 448
10.4.1 Classification of Sensors......Page 450
10.4.2 Sensor Parameters......Page 453
10.5 Passive Sensors......Page 454
10.5.1 Passive Scanning Sensors......Page 455
10.5.2 Passive Non-scanning Sensors......Page 458
10.6.2 Active Scanning Sensors......Page 459
10.7.2 Secondary Images......Page 461
10.8 Image Classification......Page 464
10.9.1 Interpreting Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing Images......Page 465
10.9.3 GIS in Remote Sensing......Page 466
10.10.1 Land Cover Classification......Page 467
10.10.2 Land Cover Change Detection......Page 468
10.10.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Management......Page 469
10.10.4 Flood Monitoring......Page 470
10.10.6 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature......Page 471
10.10.8 Global Monitoring......Page 472
10.10.9 Predicting Disasters......Page 474
10.11.1 Landsat Satellite System......Page 477
10.11.2 SPOT Satellite System......Page 480
10.11.3 Radarsat Satellite System......Page 483
10.12 Future Trends......Page 489
Further Reading......Page 490
Glossary......Page 491
11.1 Weather Forecasting – An Overview......Page 493
11.3.1 Visible Images......Page 496
11.3.2 IR Images......Page 498
11.3.3 Water Vapour Images......Page 499
11.3.4 Microwave Images......Page 500
11.3.5 Images Formed by Active Probing......Page 501
11.4 Weather Forecasting Satellite Orbits......Page 502
11.5 Weather Forecasting Satellite Payloads......Page 503
11.5.1 Radiometer......Page 504
11.5.2 Active Payloads......Page 505
11.6.1 Image Enhancement Techniques......Page 508
11.7 Weather Forecasting Satellite Applications......Page 509
11.7.2 Rainfall......Page 510
11.7.3 Wind Speed and Direction......Page 511
11.7.7 Oceanography......Page 512
11.7.8 Severe Storm Support......Page 513
11.7.10 Snow and Ice Studies......Page 514
11.8.1 GOES Satellite System......Page 515
11.8.2 Meteosat Satellite System......Page 521
11.8.3 Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA Satellites......Page 524
Further Reading......Page 528
Glossary......Page 529
12.1 Development of Satellite Navigation Systems......Page 531
12.1.2 Trilateration-based Satellite Navigation Systems......Page 532
12.2.1 Space Segment......Page 538
12.2.2 Control Segment......Page 539
12.2.3 User Segment......Page 540
12.3.1 Principle of Operation......Page 542
12.3.2 GPS Signal Structure......Page 544
12.3.3 Pseudorange Measurements......Page 545
12.3.4 Determination of the Receiver Location......Page 546
12.4.1 GPS Positioning Services......Page 548
12.4.2 GPS Positioning Modes......Page 549
12.5 GPS Error Sources......Page 551
12.6 GLONASS Satellite System......Page 554
12.6.1 GLONASS Segments......Page 555
12.6.2 GLONASS Signal Structure......Page 556
12.7 GPS-GLONASS Integration......Page 558
12.8.1 Military Applications......Page 559
12.8.2 Civilian Applications......Page 561
12.9 Future of Satellite Navigation Systems......Page 563
Further Reading......Page 564
Glossary......Page 565
13.1 Satellite-based versus Ground-based Scientific Techniques......Page 567
13.2.1 Payloads for Studying Earth’s Geodesy......Page 568
13.2.2 Payloads for Earth Environment Studies......Page 569
13.2.3 Payloads for Astronomical Studies......Page 570
13.3.1 Space Geodesy......Page 574
13.3.2 Tectonics and Internal Geodynamics......Page 578
13.4 Observation of the Earth’s Environment......Page 579
13.4.1 Study of the Earth’s Ionosphere and Magnetosphere......Page 580
13.4.2 Study of the Earth’s Upper Atmosphere (Aeronomy)......Page 585
13.4.3 Study of the Interaction between Earth and its Environment......Page 587
13.5 Astronomical Observations......Page 589
13.5.1 Observation of the Sun......Page 590
13.6 Missions for Studying Planets of the Solar System......Page 595
13.6.1 Mercury......Page 600
13.6.2 Venus......Page 601
13.6.3 Mars......Page 603
13.6.4 Outer Planets......Page 605
13.6.5 Moon......Page 612
13.6.6 Asteroids......Page 613
13.6.7 Comets......Page 614
13.7 Missions Beyond the Solar System......Page 615
13.8.1 Microgravity Experiments......Page 618
13.8.2 Life Sciences......Page 619
13.8.3 Material Sciences......Page 621
13.9 Future Trends......Page 622
Further Reading......Page 623
Glossary......Page 624
14.1 Military Satellites – An Overview......Page 625
14.2 Military Communication Satellites......Page 626
14.3 Development of Military Communication Satellite Systems......Page 627
14.3.1 American Systems......Page 628
14.3.2 Russian Systems......Page 632
14.3.3 Satellites Launched by other Countries......Page 633
14.4 Frequency Spectrum Utilized by Military Communication Satellite Systems......Page 634
14.5 Dual-use Military Communication Satellite Systems......Page 635
14.6.1 Image Intelligence or IMINT Satellites......Page 636
14.7 SIGINT Satellites......Page 640
14.7.1 Development of SIGINT Satellites......Page 641
14.8 Early Warning Satellites......Page 643
14.8.1 Major Early Warning Satellite Programmes......Page 644
14.10 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites......Page 646
14.12 Space Weapons......Page 647
14.12.1 Classification of Space Weapons......Page 648
14.13 Strategic Defence Initiative......Page 653
14.13.1 Ground Based Programmes......Page 654
14.13.2 Directed Energy Weapon Programmes......Page 657
14.13.3 Space Programmes......Page 659
14.14 Directed Energy Laser Weapons......Page 660
14.14.2 Limitations......Page 661
14.14.3 Directed Energy Laser Weapon Components......Page 662
14.14.4 Important Design Parametres......Page 663
14.14.5 Important Laser Sources......Page 664
14.14.6 Beam Control Technology......Page 671
14.15 Advanced Concepts......Page 672
14.15.2 Long Reach Non-lethal Laser Dazzler......Page 673
14.15.3 Long Reach Laser Target Designator......Page 674
Glossary......Page 675
Subject Index......Page 677

✦ Subjects

Транспорт;Аэрокосмическая техника;