RU Speaking: A Guide to Impactful Public Speech

✍ Scribed by Douglas M. Fraleigh; Joseph S. Tuman; Brian Householder; Nikolaos Linardopoulos

• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1495
• Edition: Fifth Edition
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

About this Book
Cover Page
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
RU Speaking: A Guide to Impactful Public Speech
Dedication
Coverage in Speak Up!, Fifth Edition, Correlated with NCA’s Learning Outcomes in Communication
Brief Contents
About the Authors and Illustrator
Preface
Contents
Halftitle Page
The Basics of Public Speaking
Chapter 1 Introducing Public Speaking
What Is Public Speaking?
Why Study Public Speaking?
Using Public Speaking as a Student
Using Public Speaking in Your Career
Using Public Speaking in Your Community
Public Speaking: A Great Tradition
Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline
From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process
New Technologies, New Channels
Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity
Emphasis on Critical Thinking
A Focus on Free, Engaged, and Ethical Communication
Speech Choices: A Case Study
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 2 Developing Your First Speech
Why Prepare?
The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation
Preparing and Delivering your first Speech
Analyze Your Audience
Select Your Topic
Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose
Create a Thesis Statement
Determine Your Main Points
Develop Supporting Materials
Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech
Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion
Incorporate Transitions
Consider Your Word Choice
Consider Presentation Aids
Practice Your Speech
Deliver Your Speech
Overcoming Speech Anxiety
Prepare Early and Follow a Plan
Deliver Your Speech to Others
Try Imagined Interactions
Take Care of Yourself
Visualize Success
Use Relaxation Techniques
Check Out Some Apps
Volunteer to Speak First
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Never Defeat Yourself
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 3 Speech Ethics
Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative
Legal Speech vs. Ethical Speech
Communicating Truthfully
Lying
Half-Truths
False Inference
Acknowledging the Work of Others
Quoting from a Source
Paraphrasing the Work of Others
Common Knowledge
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Using Sound Reasoning
Being an Ethical Listener
Show Courtesy
Demonstrate an Open Mind
Hold the Speaker Accountable
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 4 Listening Skills
The Listening Process
Listening vs. Hearing
Processing What You’ve Heard
Retaining What You’ve Processed
Listening Styles
The Culprits Behind Poor Listening
Unprocessed Note Taking
Nonlistening
Interruptive Listening
Agenda-Driven Listening
Argumentative Listening
Nervous Listening
Becoming a Better Listener
Filter Out Distractions
Focus on the Speaker
Show That You Are Paying Attention
Maximizing Your Audience’s Listening
Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech
Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech
Listening When You are in the Audience
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Preparation Fundamentals
Chapter 5 Audience Analysis
Understanding Situational Characteristics
Size
Time
Location
Mobility
Incorporating Demographics
Age
Gender Composition
Sexual Orientation
Race and Ethnicity
Religious Orientation
Socioeconomic Background
Political Affiliation
Putting the Demographic Pieces Together
Seeking Common Ground
Identifying Prior Exposure
Identifying Audience Disposition
Gathering Information About Your Audience
Surveying Your Audience
Interviewing Your Audience
Considering and Observing Your Audience
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 6 Selecting Your Topic
Developing a Set of Potential Topics
Research
Brainstorming
Word Association
Mind Mapping
Selecting the Best Topic
Consider the Assignment
Consider Your Audience
Consider Your Knowledge and Interests
Consider the Speech Context
Choose a Topic and Stick with It
Refining Your Topic
Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose
Narrow Your Topic
Drafting Your Specific Purpose
Drafting Your Thesis Statement
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 7 Researching Your Speech
Research Is Essential
Research Works Best When You Have a Plan
Inventory Your Research Needs
Find the Sources You Need
Keep Track of Your Sources
Evaluating a Source’s Credibility
Expertise
Objectivity
Observational Capacity
Recency
Conducting Library Research
Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
Reference Works
Government Documents
Using the Internet
Benefits of Internet Research
Disadvantages of Internet Research
Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources
Credibility of Social Media
Searching the World Wide Web
Interviewing Sources
Prepare for Your Interview
Set Up Your Interview
Plan Your Interview Questions
Conduct the Interview
Evaluate Your Notes
Presenting Evidence in Your Speech
Clearly Cite Your Sources
Present the Information Accurately
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 8 Using Supporting Materials for Your Speech
Why Use Supporting Materials?
Building Audience Interest
Enhancing Audience Understanding
Strengthening Audience Memory
Winning Audience Agreement
Evoking Audience Emotion
Types of Supporting Materials
Examples
Definitions
Testimony
Statistics
Narratives
Analogies
Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials
Choose the Most Credible Proof
Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
Appeal to Different Learning Styles
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Avoid Long Lists
Consider Your Audience
Respect the Available Time
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Organizing and Outlining
Chapter 9 Organizing Your Speech
Selecting Your Main Points
Consider Your Purpose
Take Your Audience into Account
Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
Organizing Your Supporting Materials
Subordination and Coordination
When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit
Arranging Your Main Points
Spatial Pattern
Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
Causal Pattern
Comparison Pattern
Categorical (Topical) Pattern
Persuasive Speech Patterns
Using Organizing Words, Phrases, and Sentences
Transitions
Signposts
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Internal Previews and Internal Summaries
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 10 Introductions and Conclusions
Introducing Your Speech
Gain Your Audience’s Attention
Signal Your Thesis
Show Your Audience What’s in It for Them
Establish Your Credibility
Preview Your Main Points
Concluding Your Speech
Transition to Your Conclusion
Summarize Your Main Points
Finish with a Memorable Clincher
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 11 Outlining Your Speech
Two Stages of Outlining
The Detailed Outline
The Speaking Outline
Creating Your Detailed Outline
Outlining the Body of Your Speech
Outlining Your Introduction
Outlining Your Conclusion
Creating a List of References
Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
A Sample Detailed Outline
Creating Your Speaking Outline
Elements of Your Speaking Outline
The Medium for Your Speaking Outline
A Sample Speaking Outline
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Language and Delivery
Chapter 12 Language and Style
The Importance of Language and Word Choice
Differences Between Oral and Written Language
Denotative and Connotative Meaning
Denotative Meaning
Connotative Meaning
Presenting Your Message Clearly
Understandable Language
Concrete Words
Proper Use of Words
Concise Language
Expressing Your Ideas Effectively
Repetition
Hypothetical Examples
Personal Anecdotes
Vivid Language
Figurative Language
Choosing Respectful and Unbiased Language
Avoid Stereotypes
Use Gender-Neutral References
Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups
Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 13 Delivering Your Speech
Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery
Reading from a Manuscript
Memorizing from a Manuscript
Speaking from an Outline
Impromptu Speaking
Using Verbal Delivery Skills
Volume
Tone
Rate of Delivery
Projection
Articulation
Pronunciation
Pausing
Using Nonverbal Delivery Skills
Eye Contact
Gestures
Physical Movement
Proxemics
Personal Appearance
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 14 Using Presentation Aids
Why Use Presentation Aids?
Presentation Aids Can Make Your Speech More Interesting
Presentation Aids Can Simplify a Complex Topic
Presentation Aids Can Help Your Audience Remember Your Speech
Types of Presentation Aids
The Speaker
Assistants
Objects
Visual Images
Graphs
Text-Based Visuals
Audio and Video
Using Technology Wisely
Using Presentation Software
Using Other Technology
Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids
Consider the Forum
Consider Your Audience
Make Sure Your Aids Support Your Points
Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids
Using Presentation Aids During Your Speech
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids
Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids
Maintain Eye Contact
Remember the Purpose of Your Aids
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Types of Public Speaking
Chapter 15 Mediated Public Speaking
The Rise of Mediated Communication
The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking
Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations
Advantages of Mediated Presentations
General Advantages
Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches
Advantages of Real-Time Technologies
Challenges of Mediated Presentations
Loss of Naturalness
Loss of Immediacy
Decreased Nonverbal Communication
Diminished Feedback
Difficulty Managing Distractions
Technological Difficulties
Optimizing Delivery and Messages in Mediated Presentations
Delivery Considerations
Message Adaptations
Practicing Delivery and Recording
Recording Your Classroom Speech
Camera
Setting and Background
Attire
Camera Positioning
Special Considerations for Real-Time Presentations
Practicing with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works
Selecting a Robust Internet Connection
Using Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing
Creating Opportunities for Audience Interaction
Soliciting Feedback through an Alternative Medium
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Mediated Speech Competency Rubric
Chapter 16 Informative Speaking
Techniques for Informing
Definition
Explanation
Description
Demonstration
Narrative
Types of Informative Speeches
Objects
Individuals or Groups
Events
Processes
Ideas
Developing Your Informative Speech
Analyzing Your Audience
Selecting a Technique
Focusing on Your Goal to Inform
Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message
Sample Informative Speech
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Informative Speech Competency Rubric
Chapter 17 Persuasive Speaking
The Nature of a Persuasive Speech
Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members
Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims
The Nature of Persuasion
Two Paths to Persuasion
The Importance of Central Route Processing
Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?
Tailoring Your Persuasive Message to the Audience
Adapting to Audience Disposition
Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs
Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values
Accounting for Audience Beliefs
Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs
Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits
Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations
Ethical Persuasion
Help Your Audience Make an Informed Decision
Research Your Facts
Note Any Biases
Attribute Your Research Properly
Organizing Your Persuasive Speech
Organizing Fact Claims
Organizing Value Claims
Organizing Policy Claims
Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Persuasive Speech Competency Rubric
Chapter 18 Methods of Persuasion
Ethos: Your Credibility as a Speaker
Understanding the Elements of Credibility
Building Your Credibility
Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility
Logos: The Evidence and Reasoning behind Your Message
Using Evidence
Using Reasoning
Avoiding Logical Fallacies
Pathos: Evoking Your Listeners’ Emotions
Using Emotional Appeals
Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos
Sample Persuasive Speech
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 19 Special-Occasion Speaking
Types of Special-Occasion Speeches
General Guidelines for Special-Occasion Speeches
Appealing to Your Audience’s Emotions
Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion
Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations
Evoking Shared Values
Respecting Time Constraints
Strategies for Each Type of Special-Occasion Speech
Strategies for Speeches of Introduction
Strategies for Speeches of Presentation
Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance
Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize
Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate
Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches
Sample Special-Occasion Speech
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 20 Group Communication
Effective Group Leadership
Selecting a Leader
Leading Meetings
Managing Conflict
Effective Group Membership
Three Types of Member Roles
Tips for Participating in a Small Group
Group Decision Making and the Reflective-Thinking Process
Define the Problem
Analyze the Problem
Establish Criteria for Solving the Problem
Generate Possible Solutions
Select the Best Solution
Delivering Group Presentations
Symposium
Panel Discussion
Single Group Representative
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Chapter 21 Civic Engagement
Civic Engagement and Its Importance to Society
How Civic Engagement Benefits You
Forums and Venues for Civic Engagement
Applying Public Speaking Skills to Civic Engagement
Invention
Audience Analysis
Organization (Arrangement)
Language and Style
Preparation (Memory)
Delivery
Speech Choices
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Appendix A: Speech Choices Outline and Full-Length Speech
Why Women Should Run for Office: Speech Choices Outline
Why Women Should Run for Office: Full-Length Speech
Appendix B: Additional Sample Speeches
Sample Special-Occasion Speech: John McCain, Liberty Medal Ceremony
Sample Persuasive Speech: David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate
Sample Persuasive Speech: Michelle Bachelet, Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls
Notes
Glossary
Index
LaunchPad
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover