Romanian: An Essential Grammar (Routledge Essential Grammars)

✍ Scribed by Ramona Gönczöl

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 295
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Now in its second edition, Romanian: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to modern Romanian. It takes the student through the essentials of the language, explaining each concept clearly and providing many examples of contemporary Romanian usage.

This fully revised second edition contains:

• a chapter of each of the most common grammatical areas with Romanian and English examples

• extensive examples of the more difficult areas of the grammar

• a section with exercises to consolidate the learning and the answer key

• a list of useful verbs

• an appendix listing useful websites for further information

• a glossary of grammatical terms used in the book

• a useful bibliographical list.

Suitable for both classroom use and independent study, this book is ideal for beginner to intermediate students.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
Concise glossary of grammatical terms
Part 1 An essential grammar
Chapter 1 Sounds and letters
1.1 The Romanian alphabet
1.2 Vowels
1.3 Consonants
1.4 Diphthongs and triphthongs
1.4.1 Diphthongs
1.4.2 Vowels in hiatus
1.4.3 Triphthongs
1.5 Stress and intonation
1.5.1 Stress
1.5.2 Intonation
1.5.3 Sound changes
Chapter 2 Nouns
2.1 Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter
2.1.1 Masculine nouns
2.1.2 Neuter nouns
2.1.3 Feminine nouns
2.2 Forming the feminine from a masculine noun
2.3 Number
2.3.1 Masculine nouns
2.3.2 Feminine nouns
2.3.3 Neuter nouns
2.4 The case
2.4.1 Nouns with an indefinite article
2.4.2 Nouns with a definite article
2.4.3 The vocative case
Chapter 3 Articles
3.1 Indefinite article
3.1.1 Uses of the indefinite article
3.2 The definite article
3.2.1 Uses of the definite article
3.3 The demonstrative or adjectival article
3.3.1 Uses of the demonstrative article
3.4 The possessive article
3.4.1 Uses of the possessive article
Chapter 4 Adjectives
4.1 Descriptive adjectives
4.2 Comparison of adjectives
4.3 Agreement
4.4 Case
4.5 Position of adjectives
4.6 Other types of adjectives
4.6.1 Possessive adjectives
4.6.2 Demonstrative adjectives
4.6.3 Relative-interrogative adjectives
4.6.4 Negative adjectives
4.6.5 Indefinite adjectives
Chapter 5 Pronouns
5.1 Personal pronouns
5.1.1 Forms of the personal pronouns
5.1.2 Stressed forms
5.1.3 Unstressed dative and acussative forms
5.1.4 Dative pronouns expressing possession
5.1.5 Dânsul, dânsa, dânşii, dânsele
5.2 Pronouns of politeness
5.2.1 Dumneavoastră, dumneata, dumnealui
5.3 Possessive pronouns
5.4 Demonstrative pronouns
5.4.1 Acesta (this)
5.4.2 Acela (that)
5.4.3 Același (the same one)
5.4.4 Celălalt (the other one)
5.5. Negative pronouns
5.5.1 Nimeni (nobody)
5.5.2 Nimic (nothing)
5.5.3 Niciunul (no one)
5.6 Indefinite pronouns
5.6.1 Unul (one)
5.6.2 Altul (another one)
5.6.3 Tot, toţi (all)
5.6.4 Mult, mulţi, puțin, puțini (much, many, little, few)
5.6.5 Atât, atâţia (that much, that many)
5.6.6 Vreunul (someone/anyone)
5.6.7 Oricine, cineva, altcineva (anyone, someone, someone else)
5.6.8 Oricare, careva, altcareva, fiecare (anyone, someone, someone else, each)
5.6.9 Orice, ceva, altceva (anything, something, something else)
5.6.10 Câtva, oricât (some, any)
5.7 Interrogative-relative pronouns
5.7.1 Cine (who)
5.7.2 Care (which)
5.7.3 Ce (what)
5.7.4 Cât (how much)
5.8 Emphatic pronouns
5.9 Reflexive pronouns
Chapter 6 Numerals
6.1 Cardinal numerals
6.2 Ordinal numerals
Chapter 7 Verbs
7.1 Moods and tenses
7.1.1 Moods
7.1.2 Tenses
7.2 The indicative mood
7.2.1 The present tense
7.2.2 The past tenses
7.2.3 Future tenses
7.3 Presumptive
7.3.1 Present presumptive
7.3.2 Perfect presumptive
7.4 Subjunctive
7.4.1 Present subjunctive
7.4.2 Verbs ending in -ie
7.4.3 Irregular verbs
7.4.4 Uses
7.4.5 Past subjunctive
7.5 Conditional
7.5.1 Present conditional
7.5.2 Uses of the present conditional
7.5.3 Perfect conditional
7.5.4 Uses of perfect conditional
7.6 Imperative
7.6.1 Affirmative form
7.6.2 Affirmative imperative with personal pronouns
7.6.3 Negative form
7.6.4 Negative imperative with personal pronouns
7.7 Infinitive
7.8 Gerund
7.9 Participle
7.10 Supine
7.11 Passive voice
7.11.1 The past participle as an adjective
7.12 Reflexive verbs
7.12.1 Accusative reflexive verbs
7.12.2 Dative reflexive verbs
7.12.3 Impersonal constructions with se
7.13 Impersonal, unipersonal and bipersonal
7.13.1 Impersonal verbs
7.13.2 Unipersonal and bipersonal verbs
7.14 Sequence of tenses
7.15 Verbal expressions
Chapter 8 Adverbs
8.1 Types
8.1.1 Formation
8.1.2 Adverbial phrases
8.2 Comparison
8.2.1 The comparative degree of equality
8.2.2 The comparative degree of superiority
8.2.3 The comparative degree of inferiority
8.2.4 The superlative degree of superiority
8.2.5 The superlative degree of inferiority
8.2.6 The absolute superlative
8.3 Uses
8.4 Adverbs mai, și, tot, prea, chiar
Chapter 9 Prepositions
9.1 Simple prepositions
9.2 Prepositional phrases
9.3 Uses
9.4 Verbs followed by specific prepositions
Chapter 10 Conjunctions
10.1 Coordinating conjunctions
10.2 Subordinating conjunctions
Chapter 11 Interjections
11.1 Types
Chapter 12 Word formation
12.1 Suffixes
12.2 Prefixes
12.3 Compound words
Part 2 Language functions
Chapter 13 Socialising
13.1 General greetings
13.1.1 Meeting someone
13.1.2 Taking leave
13.1.3 Greetings according to the time of day
13.1.4 Welcoming
13.1.5 Attracting attention
13.1.6 Warning
13.2 Seasonal greetings
13.3 Good wishes and congratulations
13.4 Introductions
13.5 Forms of address
13.5.1 Informal
13.5.2 Formal
13.5.3 Very formal
13.5.4 Titles
13.5.5 Family
13.6 Talking about one’s health
13.6.1 Conversationally
13.6.2 At the surgery
13.6.3 Doctor’s orders
13.7 Talking about the weather
13.8 Directions
13.8.1 Questions and answers
13.8.2 General conversation
13.9 Making excuses
13.10 At the dinner table
Chapter 14 Exchanging factual information
14.1 Identifying people
14.1.1 Identity
14.1.2 Ownership
14.1.3 Profession, occupation
14.2 Identifying things
14.2.1 Expressing the time
14.3 Asking for information
14.4 Offering information
14.5 Reporting, narrating
14.6 Letter writing
14.6.1 Opening formulas
14.6.2 Closing formulas
14.6.3 Examples of letters
Chapter 15 Expressing opinions and attitudes
15.1 Agreement and disagreement
15.2 Remembering something or someone
15.3 Possibility and impossibility
15.4 Incomprehension and clarification
15.5 Certainty and uncertainty
Chapter 16 Judgement and evaluation
16.1 Expressing pleasure or liking
16.2 Expressing displeasure or dislike
16.3 Enquiring and expressing interest
16.4 Expressing surprise
16.5 Expressing hope
16.6 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
16.7 Expressing approval and disapproval
16.8 Expressing preference
16.9 Expressing gratitude, sympathy, appreciation
16.10 Expressing happiness and unhappiness
16.11 Apologising
16.12 Expressing disappointment, worry, fear
16.13 Expressing regret and indifference
16.14 Accusing
Appendix 1 Exercises
Appendix 2 Key to exercises
Appendix 3 List of verbs
Appendix 4 Internet links about Romania and the Republic of Moldova
Bibliography
Index