Liver transplantation has evolved into a successful option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Transplant hepatologists are involved in the management of patients with end-stage liver disease both before and after liver transplantation. The goals of this study were to evaluate the roles that transplant hepatologists play at liver transplantation programs in the United States and the demand for and institutional support provided for these physicians. A web-based questionnaire was sent via e-mail to the medical directors of all 108 United Network for Organ Sharing-recognized liver transplant programs during the fall of 2006. Follow-up e-mails were sent and phone calls were made to those not completing the survey within 4 weeks. The survey was completed by 72 (67%) medical directors. The average number of liver transplants performed per center was 62, and a broad range of program sizes were represented. The number of transplant hepatologists increased in proportion to the number of transplants performed on an annual basis but lagged behind the number of surgeons and transplant coordinators. On average, 33 liver transplants were performed per year per transplant hepatologist. Transplant hepatologists were involved in all aspects of pretransplant and posttransplant care at all but 10% of these institutions; they provided virtually all pretransplant care at all of these programs and all long-term posttransplant care at 45% of these programs. Overall, 94% of liver transplant programs provided direct salary support and/or ancillary personnel for their transplant hepatologists. Despite this, over half of transplant hepatologists and 75% of those that received no direct salary support performed endoscopic procedures on a regular basis. Eighty-one percent of programs were recruiting additional transplant hepatologists. In conclusion, although the vast majority of transplant hepatologists receive institutional support, this support appears to be inadequate. The current shortage of transplant hepatologists is likely to increase if appropriate support mechanisms are not implemented.