Road and Off-Road Vehicle Dynamics

✍ Scribed by Moustafa El-Gindy, Zeinab El-Sayegh

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 469
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book introduces and provides a detailed understanding of on- and off-road vehicle dynamics. It discusses classical on-road tyre mechanics, including finite element tyre modelling and validation, using a combination of theoretical and experimental data sets. Chapters explore new computational techniques that describe terrain models and combined to develop better off-road vehicle models, and focus is placed on terrain characterization and modelling, using two popular modelling techniques, as well as performance characteristics of off-road vehicles - including rolling and driven combinations, traction, and steering. The effect of multi-pass and soil compaction on tyre performance is described as well.

The book presents a unique neuro-tyre model for both on-road and off-road situations, capable of computing the steering, braking characteristics, and soil compaction. Road vehicle characteristics are described, including the stability and control, roll centre and roll axis, and rollover mechanics. The road vehicle braking performance is also described, including the brake components, choice of brake, and the transient load transfer. Finally, the dynamics and control of multi-wheel combat vehicles are presented and described extensively.

The book is dedicated to undergraduate and graduate engineering students, in addition to researchers, and the automotive industry. As well as provide the readers with a better understanding of vehicle dynamics and soil mechanics. The book is also beneficial for automotive industries looking for a quick and reliable model to be implemented in their main software.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Introduction
Contents
Abbreviations and Nomenclature
Abbreviations
Nomenclature
1 On-Road Tire Mechanics
1.1 History of Tires
1.2 Construction of Pneumatic Tires
1.2.1 Bias-Ply Tires
1.2.2 Radial-Ply Tires
1.2.3 Dimensions and Nomenclature
1.3 Tire Forces and Moments
1.3.1 Tire Normal Force
1.3.2 Tire Rolling Resistance
1.3.3 Tractive Forces and Longitudinal Slip
1.3.4 Cornering Forces and Slip Angle
1.3.5 Self-aligning Moments and Slip Angle
1.3.6 Tire Camber Thrust
1.3.7 Combined Cambering and Cornering Properties
1.3.8 Combined Braking and Cornering Properties
1.4 Approach for Tire Modeling
1.4.1 Lumped Parameter Modeling Technique
1.4.2 Empirical Modeling Technique
1.4.3 Semi-empirical Modeling Technique
1.4.4 Semi-analytical Modeling Technique
1.4.5 Artificial Neural Network Tire Model ``Neuro-Tire''
1.4.6 Validation Approach
1.5 Experimental Tire Testing
1.6 Tire Performance Over Flooded Surfaces
1.6.1 Hydroplaning Phenomena
1.6.2 Rolling Resistance Characteristics
1.6.3 Traction Characteristics
1.6.4 Cornering Characteristics
1.7 Tire Safety and General Information
1.7.1 Sidewall Information
References
2 Off-Road Terrain Characterization and Modeling
2.1 Stress Distribution Under Load
2.2 Off-Road Terrain Characterization
2.2.1 Pressure-Sinkage Test
2.2.2 Direct Shear-Strength Test
2.3 The Finite Element Analysis Approach for Terrain Modeling
2.3.1 Terrain Calibration
2.4 The Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics Approach for Terrain Modeling
2.4.1 Fundamentals of SPH Modeling
2.4.2 Terrain Calibration Through Virtual Testing
2.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of SPH Material
2.4.4 Moisture Terrain Modeling
References
3 Performance Characteristics of Off-Road Vehicles
3.1 Mechanics of Tire-Terrain Interaction
3.2 Free Rolling Performance
3.3 Traction-Braking Performance
3.4 Cornering Performance
3.5 Multi-pass Effect and Characterization
3.6 Moisture Effect and Characterization
3.7 Fuel Economy and Transport Efficiency
References
4 Road Vehicle Stability and Control
4.1 One Degree of Freedom Spring-Mass-Damper System
4.2 Simplified Two-Axle Vehicle (Bicycle Model)
4.2.1 Vehicle Stability Analyses
4.2.2 Steady-State Steering Response
4.3 Handling Diagram
4.4 Simplified Three-Axle Articulated Vehicle (Bicycle Model)
4.5 Handling Characteristics of Articulated Three-Axle Tractor-Semi-Trailer
4.6 Handling Characteristics of Three-Axle Truck
4.7 Nonlinear Handling Diagram for a Tandem-Axle Tractor
4.8 Evaluation of Handling Characteristics and Performance Measures …
4.8.1 Evaluation of Handling Characteristics of Road Vehicles
4.8.2 Evaluation of Performance Measures of Heavy Trucks
References
5 Vehicle Rollover Dynamics
5.1 Simple Rigid Model
5.2 Compliant Suspension Model
5.3 Effect of Superelevated Roadway
5.4 Rollover of Single Vehicle
5.5 Simplified Rollover Model for Two-Axle Vehicle
5.6 Rollover of Articulated Vehicles
5.6.1 Static Roll Threshold
5.7 Factors Affecting Roll Stability
5.8 Anti-Roll Suspensions
5.9 Liquid Versus Rigid Cargo
5.10 Warning Systems/Predicting Rollover
5.10.1 Steady-State Cornering
5.10.2 High-Speed Directional Maneuvering
5.11 Active Rollover Prevention Control Strategies
References
6 Road Vehicle Tractive Performance
6.1 Maximum Tractive Effort
6.2 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
6.3 Power Plant and Transmission Characteristics
6.3.1 Manual Gear Transmission
6.3.2 Automatic Gear Transmission
6.4 Fuel Economy
6.5 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
6.5.1 Conventional IC Engine Vehicles
6.5.2 Battery Electric Vehicles
6.5.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
6.5.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
6.6 Fuel Economy for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
6.7 Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
6.7.1 Battery Types and Battery Packs
6.7.2 Battery Models
6.8 AC Machines
6.8.1 Introduction to AC Machines
6.8.2 The Operation of AC Machines
References
7 Road Vehicle Braking Performance
7.1 Brake Mechanisms
7.2 Brake Components
7.3 Choice of Brakes
7.4 Braking Systems for Road Vehicles
7.4.1 Basic Limitations of a Fixed Ratio System
7.4.2 Selection of Wheel Brakes
7.4.3 Simplified Drum Brake Model
7.5 Braking Characteristics of a Two-Axle Vehicle
7.6 Adhesion Utilization
7.7 Transient Load Transfers
7.7.1 Improving Stability
7.8 Braking Control
7.9 Open-Loop Brake Control
7.10 Principle of a Load Sensing Brake Proportioning System
7.11 Anti-Lock Braking System
7.12 Example of Different Logic Algorithms of ABS
7.12.1 Examples
7.13 Boolean Algebra and Fluid Logic
7.13.1 The Language of Boolean Algebra
7.14 Evaluation of Vehicle With Anti-Lock Braking System
References
8 Multi-wheel Combat Vehicle Dynamics and Control
8.1 Combat Vehicle Technology
8.2 Off-Road Vehicle Mobility
8.2.1 Vehicle Parameters Affecting Vehicle Mobility
8.2.2 Soil Parameters Affecting Vehicle Mobility
8.3 Torque Management Devices Implemented in AWD Vehicles
8.3.1 Mechanical Differential (Open and Locked)
8.3.2 Clutch-Type LSD
8.3.3 Torsen LSD
8.3.4 Viscous-Lock Devices
8.3.5 Electronically Controlled LSD
8.3.6 Control Architecture
8.4 Vehicle Modeling and Validation
8.4.1 Vehicle Modeling
8.4.2 Vehicle Model Validation
8.5 Active Torque Distribution Control System
8.5.1 Vehicle Dynamics Control
8.5.2 Actual Vehicle Responses
8.5.3 Desired Vehicle Responses
8.5.4 Architecture of the Proposed Control
References
9 Suspension Characteristics
9.1 Frame Construction and Platform
9.2 Straight Motion Mechanics
9.3 Types of Suspensions
9.3.1 Independent Systems
9.3.2 Dependent Systems
9.3.3 Axle Design Requirements
9.4 Suspension Principles
9.5 Front Axle Suspension Systems Design
9.5.1 Double Wishbone (A-arm) Axle
9.5.2 Spring (MacPherson) Strut Axle
9.6 Rear Axle Suspension Systems Design
9.6.1 Rigid Axle
9.6.2 Semi-Trailing Arm Axle
9.6.3 De Dion Axle
9.6.4 Multi-Link Axle
9.7 Roll Center
9.7.1 Independent Suspension Roll Centers
9.7.2 Dependent Suspension Roll Centers
9.8 Roll Axis
9.9 Locations of Main Inertia Axis and Roll Axis in the Longitudinal Direction
9.10 Anti-Dive and Anti-Squat
9.11 Design and Damping Characteristics of Shock Absorbers
9.11.1 Force-Velocity Relationship
9.11.2 Design Considerations Treatment of Damping in Vehicle Dynamics Studies
9.12 Human Response to Vibration
9.13 Vehicle Ride Models
9.13.1 Multi-Wheeled Combat Vehicle Ride Dynamics
9.13.2 Simplified Two Axle Vehicle Ride Model
9.13.3 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Vehicle Model for Sprung and Unsprung Mass
9.13.4 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Vehicle Model for Pitch and Bounce
References
10 Underride Protection Devices
10.1 Front Underside Protection Device (FUPD)
10.1.1 FUPD Regulations
10.1.2 Variations in Tractor Design
10.1.3 Frontal Crash Testing
10.1.4 Rigid and Energy Absorbing Underride Protection
10.1.5 Working Foundation
10.2 Rear Underride Protection Device (RUPD)
10.3 Side Underride Protection Device (SUPD)
10.3.1 Europe
10.3.2 Japan
10.3.3 Australia
10.3.4 Design Considerations
10.3.5 Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
10.4 Evaluation Example of Passenger Car Occupant Compartment Intrusion
References