River Basin Environment: Evaluation, Management and Conservation

✍ Scribed by Fusheng Li (editor), Yoshio Awaya (editor), Koji Kageyama (editor), Yongfen Wei (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 356
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides updated and comprehensive information on the evaluation of the river basin environment, along with its management and conservation. The chapters collected the latest cutting-edge research achievements in vegetation function evaluation, remote sensing monitoring and analysis, water quality evaluation and control, water and wastewater treatment, soil remediation, forest resource management, microbial disease diagnosis and more, the key components that link directly with the safety, security and sustainability of river basin environment. This book emphasizes the important aspects for better and more effective evaluation, management and conservation of the river basin environment, the foundation for its sustainable utilization and development, the foundation for achieving water and food security, and the United Nations’ SDGs for No Poverty (1), Zero Hunger (2) and Clean Water and Sanitation (6), as well as Affordable and Clean Energy (7), Sustainable Cities and Communities (11), Climate Action (13), Life below Water (14) and Life on Land (15). This book will benefit the research community and environmental education. It will prove useful to students, water and forest resource managers, hydrologists and all those engaged or interested in any aspect of evaluation, management, and conservation of the river basin environment. The book also has the potential to inform multi-regional and sectoral policies in all regions of the world and contribute to sustainable development solutions through better management of water, soil, and vegetation resources.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Vegetation Ecology and Functions
Chapter 1: Phenology of Photosynthesis in a Deciduous Broadleaf Forest: Implications for the Carbon Cycle in a Changing Enviro...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Study Site and Plant Species
1.3 Phenology of Leaf and Canopy Photosynthesis
1.3.1 Seasonal Change of Leaf Ecophysiological Traits in a Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
1.3.2 Interannual Changes in Canopy Leaf Photosynthesis and GPP
1.3.3 Combining Long-Term Observations and an Open-Field Experiment on Leaf Phenology
1.3.4 Leaf Photosynthesis and Phenology in Forest Understory Trees
1.4 Combining In Situ Surveys and Satellite Remote Sensing for Phenology Observations
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Ecological Significance of Throughfall and Stemflow to the Carbon Cycle in Forest Ecosystems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methodology
2.2.1 Site Description
2.2.2 Experimental Setup and Sample Collection
2.2.3 Chemical Analysis and Calculation of Fluxes
2.3 Dynamics of DOC Concentrations in Forest Ecosystems
2.3.1 DOC Concentration in TDF and SEF
2.3.2 Factors Affecting DOC Concentration in Throughfall
2.3.3 Factors Affecting DOC Concentration in Stemflow
2.4 Dynamics of DOC Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems
2.4.1 Water Partitioning
2.4.2 DOC Fluxes in Throughfall and Stemflow
2.4.3 DOC Fluxes in the Context of the Carbon Cycle
2.5 Conclusion
Appendix Tables
References
Chapter 3: Forest Carbon Sequestration in Mountainous Region in Japan Under Ongoing Climate Change: Implication for Future Res...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Approach
3.2.1 Topography and Climate of the Target Site
3.2.2 Model Validation Site
3.2.3 Ecological Model
3.2.4 Climate Scenarios and Climatic Input Data
3.2.5 Model Simulations
3.3 Importance of Field Research that Measures Actual Carbon Flux
3.4 Change in Carbon Sequestration Under Ongoing Climate Change
3.4.1 Elevation-Dependence of Cumulative Annual NEP Under the Current Climate and Contributing Factors
3.4.2 Spatial Distribution of Carbon Sequestration and its Control Factors
3.5 Outlook for Future Research
3.5.1 Ecological Perspective
3.5.1.1 Acclimation to Elevated Temperature and CO2
3.5.1.2 Change in Frequency of Extreme Weather Events and Forest Disturbances
3.5.2 Forestry Perspective
3.5.2.1 Land Use Change
3.5.2.2 Forest Management
3.5.3 Climatological and Meteorological Perspective
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Woody Biomass Change Monitoring in Temperate Montane Forests by Airborne LiDAR Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Study Site, Data and Method
4.2.1 Remote Sensing Data and Forest Type Map
4.2.2 Biomass Estimation Model
4.3 Biomass Distribution
4.4 Interannual Biomass Change
4.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Semi-Natural Grasslands Maintained by Controlled Burning in Japan: Air and Soil Temperature and Plant Diversity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Semi-Natural Grassland Maintained by Burning in Japan
5.3 Temperature During Grassland Burning
5.4 Soil Temperature After Burning
5.5 Characteristics of the Plant Community After Burning
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Detection and Identification of Phytophthora Pathogens that Are Threatening Forest Ecosystems Worldwide
6.1 Introduction
6.2 LAMP Primer Design
6.2.1 Appropriate Genomic Regions for Designing Species-Specific Primers
6.2.2 Processes in Species-Specific Primer Design
6.2.3 Primer Specificity Test with Mycelial DNA
6.3 DNA Extraction Methods from Environmental Samples
6.3.1 Plant DNA Extraction
6.3.2 Soil DNA Extraction
6.3.3 Water DNA Extraction
6.4 Instrument Selection
6.4.1 The Genelyzer FII/Genelyzer FIII System
6.4.2 StepOnePlus system/QuantStudio 3 System
6.4.3 The LoopampEXIA System
6.5 Experimental Procedures for More Accurate Detection
6.5.1 Contamination
6.5.2 Sample Amounts
6.5.3 Other Concerns
6.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Water, Soil and Hydrometeorological Dynamics
Chapter 7: Water Quality Safety and Security: From Evaluation to Control
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
7.2.1 Dissolved Organic Matter, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
7.2.2 Organic Matter, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Particulate Form
7.2.3 Inter Relationships of Dissolved and Particulate C, N and P
7.3 Phosphorous Release to Water from Sediment
7.3.1 Phosphorus in Sediment
7.3.2 Release Behavior of Phosphorus from Sediment
7.3.3 Releasing Potential of Phosphorus from Sediment
7.4 Sediment Bacteria as a Potential Index for Comprehensive Water Quality Evaluation
7.4.1 Sediment Bacterial Responses to Heavy Metals in Density
7.4.2 Sediment Bacterial Responses to Heavy Metals in Activity
7.5 Cesium Accumulation by Bacteria in Freshwater Sediment
7.5.1 Bacterial Species from the Sediment
7.5.2 Accumulation Capability of Bacteria for Cs
7.6 Water Quality Control and Needs for Research and Technology Development
References
Chapter 8: Energy Recovery from Wastewater
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methane Fermentation
8.2.1 Microorganisms Contributing to Methane Fermentation
8.2.2 Methane Fermentation Process
8.2.2.1 Complete Mixing Reactor
8.2.2.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor
8.3 Microbial Fuel Cell: MFC
8.3.1 MFC Structure and Principle of Power Generation
8.3.2 Microorganisms in MFCs
8.3.3 Comparison Between Methane Fermentation and MFCs
8.3.4 Performance of MFCs
8.3.5 Challenges for Practical Application of MFCs
8.4 Microbial Electrolysis Cell: MEC
8.4.1 Principle of MECs
8.4.2 Structure of MECs
8.4.2.1 Dual-Chamber MEC (Water Chamber/Water Chamber)
8.4.2.2 Single-Chamber MEC
8.4.2.3 Dual-Chamber Type (Water Chamber/Gas Chamber)
8.4.3 Comparison of MFCs and MECs
References
Chapter 9: Management of On-Site Household Wastewater Treatment Systems (Johkasou) in Japan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Actual Usage of Johkasou in Japan
9.2.1 Current Status of Wastewater Treatment and Usage of Johkasou in Japan
9.3 Design and Management of Johkasou
9.3.1 Johkasou Designs
9.3.1.1 Wastewater Treatment by Johkasou
9.3.1.2 Characteristics of Gappei-Syori Johkasou
9.3.1.3 Types of Gappei-Syori Johkasou
9.3.1.4 Structure of the Gappei-Syori Johkasou
9.3.2 Management of Johkasou
9.3.2.1 Legal Inspections
9.3.2.2 Operation/Maintenance
9.3.2.3 Desludging
9.4 Actual Usage of Johkasou and Original Efforts in Gifu Prefecture
9.4.1 Current Status of Wastewater Treatment and Usage of Johkasou in Gifu Prefecture
9.4.2 Original Efforts in Gifu Prefecture
9.4.2.1 ``Water Reclamation Facilities´´ Recognition System for Johkasou
9.4.2.2 Cooperation among Johkasou´s Three Different Maintenance and Management Industry Groups
9.5 Effect of Johkasou´s Operational Conditions on the Quality of the Treated Water
9.5.1 Effect of Water Circulation on the Quality of the Treated Water
9.5.2 Effect of Aeration Rates on the Treated Water
9.5.3 Small Particles Are Related to Treated Water Quality
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Predicting Fine Sediment Deposition Rate in Lowland River Channel: Comparison of Two Adjacent Rivers
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Improvement of Lowland Rivers of Japan
10.1.2 Clearing Riparian Vegetation and Conducting Excavation to Secure the Flood Capacity
10.1.3 Flood-Channel Excavation Works in Ibi River and Nagara River
10.2 Formation Process of Microtopography after Flood Channel Excavation
10.2.1 Formation of Topography of Lowland Floodplain
10.2.2 Sediment Deposition after Flood Channel Excavation in Compound Channel
10.2.3 Relationship Between Sediment Deposition and Vegetation Transition
10.3 Restoration of Inter-Levee Floodplain Environment by Flood Channel Excavation
10.3.1 Natural Floodplain and Inter-Levee Floodplain
10.3.2 Lifespan of Freshwater Mussel Habitat Created by Flood Channel Excavation
10.4 Predicting Fine Sediment Deposition Rate in Lowland River Channel
10.4.1 Relationship Between Suspended Load Concentration and Flow Rate
10.4.2 Method for Predicting Fine-Grained Sediment Deposition Rate
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Relationship between Forest Stand Condition and Water Balance in a Forested Basin
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Evapotranspiration
11.2.1 Method with Potential Evapotranspiration
11.2.1.1 Thornthwaite Equation
11.2.1.2 Hammon Equation
11.2.1.3 Makkink Equation
11.2.1.4 Correction Factor
11.2.2 Penman-Monteith Method
11.2.2.1 Aerodynamic Conductance
11.2.2.2 Canopy Conductance
11.3 Canopy Interception
11.4 LAI Estimation
11.4.1 Forest Growth Model
11.4.2 Crown Base Height
11.4.3 Dry Leaf Weight
11.4.4 Relationship Between Dry Leaf Weight and Leaf Area
11.5 Results and Discussions
11.5.1 Relationship Between the Stand Structure and LAI
11.5.2 Relationship of Stand Structure and Water Balance
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes Inhabiting River Water Are a Potential Source of Infestation in Agricultural Areas
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Classification of Phytopathogenic Oomycetes
12.1.2 Morphological Characteristics of Pythium and Phytopythium Species
12.1.3 Habitat and Life Cycle of Pythium and Phytopythium Species
12.1.4 Pythium and Phytopythium Species as Plant Pathogens
12.1.5 Distribution of Plant Pathogenic Pythium and Phytopythium Species
12.1.6 Objectives of this Study
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Isolation of Pythium and Phytopythium Species from Water
12.2.2 Species Identification of the Isolates
12.2.3 Pathogenicity Test
12.2.3.1 Pathogenicity Test by Soil Cultivation
12.2.3.2 Pathogenicity Test by Hydroponics
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Distribution of Phytopathogenic Oomycetes in Water Systems in Japan
12.3.2 Positional and Seasonal Variations of Phytopathogenic Pythium and Phytopythium Fauna in Ijira River, Gifu, Japan
12.3.3 Morphological Characteristics of Strains Isolated from Rivers
12.3.4 Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Strains Isolated from Rivers
12.3.5 Pathogenicity of Strains Isolated from River Water to Plants
12.3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Soil Contamination and Conservation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Soil Contaminants and Global Status of Soil Contamination
13.2.1 Soil Contaminants
13.2.2 Global Status of Soil Contamination
13.3 Soil Remediation Technologies and Approaches toward Reducing the Risk of Cs Contaminated Soil in Japan
13.3.1 Soil Remediation Technologies
13.3.1.1 Physical Remediation Method
13.3.1.2 Chemical Remediation Method
13.3.1.3 Biological Remediation Method
13.3.2 Practical Approach to Reduce the Risk of Cs Contaminated Soil in Japan
13.3.2.1 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
13.3.2.2 Soil Decontamination
13.3.2.3 Decontamination Effects and Limitations
13.3.3 Experimental Approach to Reduce the Risk of Cs Contaminated Forest Soil
13.3.3.1 Fixation Capability Comparison of Recycling Materials for Cs Immobilization in Contaminated Forest Soil
13.3.3.2 Examination of Inhibition Effects of the Selected Recycling Materials on the Cs Transfer to Vegetation and Water
13.4 Efforts and Challenges in Managing and Controlling Soil Contamination Worldwide
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Evaporation in Arid Regions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Water and Water Vapor Movement over the Ground Surface and the Boundary Layer
14.2.1 Surface Heat Budget and Turbulent Transport of Water Vapor
14.2.2 Monin-Obukhov Similarity Describing Turbulence Statistics
14.2.3 Surface Heat Budget and Turbulent Transportation of Water Vapor in Arid Areas
14.3 Water and Water Vapor Movement in Soil
14.4 Conclusion
References
Part III: Disaster Mitigation
Chapter 15: Feature Extraction and Analysis of Earthquake Motion
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Outline of Feature Vector and Gaussian Mixture Model
15.3 Application to Earthquake Motion and Consideration
15.3.1 Consideration of Feature Vector and Gaussian Mixture Model
15.3.2 Consideration of Period-Dependent Feature Vector and Gaussian Mixture Model
15.3.3 Examination of the Dispersibility of Surface Wave
15.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Involving the Community to Manage Natural Disasters: A Study of Japanese Disaster Risk Reduction Practices
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Evacuation from Flood and Landslide
16.2.1 Creating an Evacuation Plan
16.2.2 Use of Hazard Map
16.2.3 Use of Disaster Prevention Weather Information
16.3 Collaboration of Local Residents
16.3.1 Community Disaster Management Plan
16.3.2 Impact of Declining Birthrate and Aging Population
16.3.3 Human Resource Development for Disaster Risk Reduction for Local Residents
16.3.3.1 Skills Required for those Who Take the Initiative in Disaster Reduction Activities in the Community
16.3.3.2 Human Resource Development Programs for Disaster Reduction at the Basic Level
16.3.3.3 Intermediate Level Disaster Management Human Resource Development Program
16.3.4 Establishing a Network of People Involved in Disaster Reduction Activities in the Community
16.4 Conclusion
References