RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues

✍ Scribed by André Vander Vorst, Arye Rosen, Youji Kotsuka

• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 346
• Series: Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

From engineering fundamentals to cutting-edge clinical applications This book examines the biological effects of RF/microwaves and their medical applications. Readers will discover new developments in therapeutic applications in such areas as cardiology, urology, surgery, ophthalmology, and oncology. The authors also present developing applications in such areas as cancer detection and organ imaging. Focusing on frequency ranges from 100 kHz to 10 GHz, RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues is divided into six chapters: * Fundamentals in Electromagnetics--examines penetration of RF/microwaves into biological tissues; skin effect; relaxation effects in materials and the Cole-Cole model (display); the near field of an antenna; blackbody radiation and the various associated laws; and microwave measurements. * RF/Microwave Interaction Mechanisms in Biological Materials--includes a section devoted to the fundamentals of thermodynamics and a discussion on energy and entropy. * Biological Effects--investigates the effects of radio frequency fields on the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord, the blood-brain barrier, and cells and membranes. * Thermal Therapy--includes a description of applicators and an extensive discussion on the foundation of dielectric heating and inductive heating. * EM-Wave Absorbers Protecting the Biological and Medical Environment--investigates materials for EM-wave absorbers from both a theoretical and applications perspective. Special attention is given to ferrite absorbers. * RF/Microwave Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Applications--begins with the fundamental features of major components used in RF/microwave delivery systems for therapeutic applications. New research towards the development of future measurement techniques is also presented. The book features problem sets at the end of each chapter, making it an excellent introduction for bioengineering and engineering students. Researchers, physicians, and technicians in the field will also find this an excellent reference that offers all the fundamentals, the most cutting-edge applications, and insight into future developments.

An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

✦ Table of Contents

RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
Introduction......Page 17
1.1 RF and Microwave Frequency Ranges......Page 23
1.2 Fields......Page 25
1.3.1 Electric Field and Flux Density......Page 26
1.3.2 Magnetic Field and Flux Density......Page 33
1.3.3 Electromagnetic Field......Page 38
1.3.4 Electromagnetic Wave......Page 41
1.3.5 Antennas and Near Field......Page 44
1.4.1 Power and Energy......Page 46
1.4.3 Blackbody Radiation......Page 49
Planck’s Radiation Law......Page 50
Rayleigh–Jeans Radiation Law......Page 51
Wien Displacement Law......Page 54
1.5 Penetration in Biological Tissues and Skin Effect......Page 55
1.6.1 Relaxation in Dielectrics......Page 60
1.6.2 Resonance Absorption......Page 61
1.6.3 Cole–Cole Display......Page 63
1.7.1 RF Measurements......Page 65
1.7.2 Microwave Measurements......Page 66
1.7.3 Liquids......Page 67
1.7.4 Applicators......Page 68
1.8 Exposure......Page 69
References......Page 70
Problems......Page 71
2.1.1 Fundamentals......Page 79
2.1.2 Cells and Nerves......Page 81
2.2 Tissue Characterization......Page 85
2.2.2 Dielectric Characterization......Page 86
Interfacial Relaxation......Page 87
Ionic Diffusion: Counterion Polarization Effects......Page 88
2.2.3 Dielectric Dispersion in Tissues......Page 89
Conductivity......Page 90
Tissues......Page 91
Liquids......Page 93
Influence of Temperature......Page 96
2.3 Thermodynamics......Page 98
2.4 Energy......Page 101
References......Page 105
Problems......Page 107
3.1.1 Fundamentals......Page 109
3.1.2 Dosimetry and SAR......Page 110
3.1.3 Thermal Considerations......Page 112
3.2 Nervous System......Page 116
3.2.1 General Description......Page 117
3.2.2 Effects on Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 119
3.2.3 Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 120
3.2.4 Influence of Parameters of Microwave Exposure......Page 123
3.2.5 Nervous System Modeling and Simulation......Page 126
3.3 Cells and Membranes......Page 130
3.4 Molecular Level......Page 132
3.5.1 Microwave Syndrome......Page 133
3.5.2 Low-Level Pulsed Exposure......Page 134
3.5.3 ELF Components......Page 135
3.6 Ear, Eye, and Heart......Page 136
3.7 Influence of Drugs......Page 139
3.8 Nonthermal, Microthermal, and Isothermal Effects......Page 140
3.8.1 Microwaves as a Trigger......Page 141
3.8.2 Entropy......Page 144
3.9 Epidemiology Studies......Page 147
3.10 Interferences......Page 148
3.11.1 Standards and Recommendations......Page 150
3.11.2 Tissue Phantoms and SAR Measurements......Page 152
3.11.3 Computational Methods for SAR Evaluation......Page 155
3.11.4 Exposure of Body to Cell Phone and Base Station......Page 156
References......Page 158
Problems......Page 166
4.2 Heating Principle......Page 169
4.2.1 Foundations of Dielectric Heating Principle......Page 170
Theory......Page 173
Actual Dielectric Heating Applicator Systems......Page 175
4.2.3 Microwave Dielectric Heating......Page 179
4.2.4 Foundation of Inductive Heating Principle......Page 180
4.2.5 Actual Inductive Heating Applicator......Page 182
4.2.6 Detailed Theory of RF Dielectric Heating......Page 190
4.2.7 Detailed Theory of Microwave Dielectric Heating......Page 193
4.2.8 Detailed Theory of Inductive Heating......Page 195
4.3 Hyperthermia......Page 198
Survival Rate and Hyperthermia Sensitivity of Cell......Page 199
Oxygen Partial Pressure, pH, and Hyperthermia Sensitivity of Cell......Page 200
Period and Hyperthermia Sensitivity of Biological Cell......Page 201
Measurement by Thermocouple Sensor......Page 202
Thermometer Using Thermistor......Page 207
Optical Fiber Thermometer......Page 211
Thermometer Using IR Photodetector......Page 213
Noninvasive Thermometry Using NMR Technique......Page 214
References......Page 215
Problems......Page 218
5.1 Foundation of EM Wave Absorbers......Page 219
5.2.1 Classification by Constituent Material......Page 220
Classification by Appearance......Page 221
5.3 Fundamental Principle......Page 222
5.4.1 Single-Layer-Type Wave Absorber......Page 226
Normal Incident Case......Page 229
Oblique Incident Case......Page 230
5.4.3 Taper-Type Wave Absorber......Page 231
5.5.1 Quarter-Wavelength-Type Wave Absorber......Page 232
5.5.3 Multilayer Wave Absorber......Page 235
5.5.4 Pyramidal Wave Absorber......Page 237
5.6.1 Microwave Absorber with Multiholes......Page 239
Matching Characteristics......Page 240
5.6.2 Weakly Magnetized Ferrite Absorber......Page 248
5.6.3 Microwave Absorber with Surface-Printed Conductive Line Patterns......Page 251
5.6.4 Integrated–Circuit-Type Absorber......Page 255
5.7 Method for Improving RF Field Distribution in a Small Room......Page 257
References......Page 263
Problems......Page 264
6.1 Introduction......Page 266
Cable Specifications......Page 267
Power Loss......Page 268
Skin Effect......Page 271
Coaxial Cable for Microwave Balloon Angioplasty......Page 272
Fundamentals......Page 274
6.3.1 Fundamentals......Page 277
Electric Dipole......Page 278
6.4.1 Fundamentals......Page 280
6.4.2 RF Development......Page 283
6.4.3 Cardiac Ablation......Page 286
6.5.1 General Description......Page 295
6.5.3 Depth and Rate of Heating......Page 298
6.5.5 Lesion Volume......Page 300
6.5.6 Limitations......Page 301
6.6 RF Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease......Page 302
6.7.2 RF Endometrial Ablation......Page 303
6.8.1 Introduction......Page 304
6.8.2 Method of Measuring Blood Perfusion (Flow) in Heart Muscle by Use of Microwave Energy......Page 305
6.8.3 Lumen Measurement of Arteries Utilizing Microwave Apparatus......Page 306
In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies......Page 310
Previous Approaches to Anastomosis......Page 312
Doping Biological Solder......Page 313
In Vitro Vessel Anastomosis......Page 315
In Vivo Experiment......Page 316
6.9.2 Endoscopic Light Source and Microwaves for Photodynamic Therapy......Page 317
6.9.3 Microwave Balloon Catheter......Page 318
6.9.4 Thermally Molded Stent for Cardiology, Urology, and Other Medical and Veterinary Application......Page 319
References......Page 320
Problems......Page 329
Index......Page 331