RF Electronics Design and Simulation
Contents and Preface
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
Introduction
RF Electronics Design
Computer Simulation
References
Chapter 2: Computer Simulation
Introduction
Basic Operation
Example 2.1: Low-pass Filter
Equations in AWRDE
Optimisation
Example 2.2: Diplexer
Example 2.3: Amplifier
Transistor Models
Determination of Transmission Line Parameters
Nonlinear Simulation
Time Domain Transient Circuit Simulation
Example 2.4: Buck DC-DC Converter
Harmonic Balance Circuit Simulation
Black Box Matching of Circuits to Measurements
Example 2.5: Bandpass T Matching Network
S Parameter Measurements
Impedance Measurements
Summary
References
Chapter 3: Transformers and Hybrids
Transformers and Hybrids
Introduction
Wideband Transformers
Example 3.1: RF Transformer Design
Bifilar and Trifilar Windings
Transmission line transformers with ferrite cores
Transformer Hybrids
Power Combiner / Splitter
Wilkinson Transformer Hybrid
Example 3.2: Wilkinson Transformer Hybrid Design
Transmission Line Hybrid with Ferrite Cores
Many way hybrids
References
Chapter 4: Transmission Line Transformers and Hybrids
Introduction
Example 4.1: Bandwidth Calculation
Wilkinson Transmission Line Hybrid
Compensated Wilkinson Hybrid
Unequal Split Wilkinson Hybrid
Wideband Wilkinson Hybrid
Example 4.2: 90 MHz to 270 MHz Wilkinson Hybrid
Quarter Wave Hybrid or 1.5 ( Rat-race Hybrid
Branchline Coupler
Backward Travelling Wave Hybrid
Edge-Coupled Lines
Example 4.2: 20 dB coupler
Lange Coupler
Broadside coupled lines
Example 3: 100 Watt 3 dB Broadside Coupler
References
Chapter 5: Frequency Mixers
Frequency Mixers
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Conversion Loss
Isolation
Compression Point
Dynamic Range
Two-tone Third Order Intermodulation Distortion
Third Order Intercept Point
LO Level
Example 5.1: Mixer LO Level Calculation
Single Diode Mixer
Computer simulation of Mixers
Balanced Mixer
Double Balanced Mixer
Microwave Mixers
Microwave mixer using a Branchline Coupler
Active Single transistor mixer
Gilbert Cell Active Mixer:
Quadrature Mixers
Active IQ Mixers
Examples of Commercial Active Mixers
Image Reject Mixers
LTCC Mixers
Other Mixers
Additional Resources
References
Chapter 6: Oscillators
Principles of Oscillators
Requirements
Oscillator Types
Positive Feedback Oscillators
Oscillator Design Process
Frequency Selective Networks
Oscillator Design Procedure
Step 1: Select an amplifier type
Step 2: Design an amplifier
Step 3: Design a resonator
Step 4: Linear Oscillator Analysis
Step 5: Nonlinear Oscillator Analysis
Crystal Oscillators
Quartz Crystals
Example 6.1: Crystal Oscillator Design
RF and Microwave Oscillators
Example 6.2: 1 GHz Microstrip Oscillator Design
Dual Resonator Oscillator
Design Improvements
References
Chapter 7: RF Filters
Introduction
Electrical Filters
Acoustic filters:
Filter Design Revision
Filter Tables
Butterworth Filters
Bessel filter
Chebyshev Filter
Cauer-Chebyshev Filter
RF Lowpass Filter design
Bandpass Filter Design
LC Bandpass Filters
Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation
LC Coupled Resonator Filter
HF Filters
Cauer-Chebyshev Bandpass filters
Parallel Coupled-Line Filter
Example 7.1: 1 GHz, 70 MHz Bandwidth Filter
Hairpin Filter
Helical Filters
Example 7.2: 100 MHz, 1 MHz Bandwidth Filter
Interdigital Filters
Round Rod Interdigital Filters
PCB Interdigital filters
Example 7.3: 1 GHz, 70 MHz Bandpass Filter
Direct-Coupled Resonator Filters
Example 7.4: 1 GHz, 500 MHz Bandwidth Filter
Fine Tuning the Filter
Microstrip Filter Comparison
EM Simulation
Coaxial Filters
Ceramic Filters
SAW Filters
References
Chapter 8: Amplifiers: Stability, Noise and Gain
Introduction
MMIC
Requirement for Stability
Smith Chart Revision
Scattering Parameters Revision
Stability
Stability Circles
Unconditional Stability
Conditional Stability
Stability Factors: Measures of Stability
Design for Maximum Gain
Amplifier Noise Figure
Improving the Noise Figure
Improving Amplifier Stability
Couplers at input and output
Resistors at Output
References
Chapter 9: Impedance Matching of Power Amplifiers
Impedance Matching of Power Amplifiers
Introduction
Large Signal Parameters:
Types of Matching:
Choice of Components and Q value
LC Matching
Pi Network
Low Pass T Network
Bandpass L network
Bandpass T network
Capacitive Impedance Transformer
Example 1: 150 MHz, 35 W Amplifier
Pi network
Lowpass T network
BandPass L Network
Bandpass T network
Capacitive Transformer Network
Transformer matching
Transmission-line Matching
Broadband Matching
Example 2: Broadband Amplifier
References
Chapter 10: Circuit Manufacture
Circuit Manufacture
Introduction
Subtractive Process: Conductive Layer Removal
Additive Process: Depositing Tracks and Vias
Printed Circuit Board Materials
Conventional PCB substrates
Paper and resin substrates; FR2 and FR3
Fibreglass and epoxy substrates; FR4, FR408, IS400
Microwave and RF printed Circuit Board Materials.
RT/duroid 58X0
RT/duroid 6000 (PTFE/Ceramic Laminates)
RO3000 and RO3200 (PTFE/Ceramic Laminates)
RO4000
Other laminates
Multilayer Boards
Non-Clad Substrates
Alumina Substrates
Other substrates
Manufacturing
Manufacturing using a PCB milling machine
Manufacturing using a Laser Ablation
Layout Hints
Thin Film
Thick Film
Printing Screens
Pastes (Inks)
RF applications of Thick Film Circuits
Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC)
References
Appendix: Importing Local Vendor and Spice XML Libraries
Importing Local Vendor and Spice XML Libraries
Procedure
Local Vendor Libraries
Spice XML Libraries
References