RF AND MICROWAVE
TRANSMITTER DESIGN......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
Introduction......Page 19
References......Page 24
1.1 Immittance Two-Port Network Parameters......Page 27
1.2 Scattering Parameters......Page 31
1.3 Interconnections of Two-Port Networks......Page 35
1.4.1 Single-Element Networks......Page 38
1.4.2 π- and T-Type Networks......Page 39
1.5 Three-Port Network with Common Terminal......Page 42
1.6.1 Inductors......Page 44
1.6.2 Capacitors......Page 47
1.7 Transmission Line......Page 49
1.8.1 Coaxial Line......Page 53
1.8.2 Stripline......Page 54
1.8.3 Microstrip Line......Page 57
1.8.4 Slotline......Page 59
1.8.5 Coplanar Waveguide......Page 60
1.9.1 Noise Sources......Page 62
1.9.2 Noise Figure......Page 64
References......Page 71
2.1.1 Operation Principle......Page 75
2.1.2 Schottky Diodes......Page 77
2.1.3 p–i–n Diodes......Page 79
2.1.4 Zener Diodes......Page 80
2.2.1 Varactor Modeling......Page 81
2.2.2 MOS Varactor......Page 83
2.3.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit......Page 88
2.3.2 Nonlinear I–V Models......Page 91
2.3.3 Nonlinear C–V Models......Page 93
2.3.4 Charge Conservation......Page 96
2.3.6 Temperature Dependence......Page 97
2.3.7 Noise Model......Page 99
2.4.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit......Page 101
2.4.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Elements......Page 103
2.4.3 Curtice Quadratic Nonlinear Model......Page 106
2.4.4 Parker–Skellern Nonlinear Model......Page 107
2.4.5 Chalmers (Angelov) Nonlinear Model......Page 109
2.4.6 IAF (Berroth) Nonlinear Model......Page 111
2.4.7 Noise Model......Page 112
2.5.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit......Page 115
2.5.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Elements......Page 116
2.5.3 Equivalence of Intrinsic π- and T-Type Topologies......Page 118
2.5.4 Nonlinear Bipolar Device Modeling......Page 120
2.5.5 Noise Model......Page 123
References......Page 125
3.1 Main Principles......Page 131
3.2 Smith Chart......Page 134
3.3.1 Analytic Design Technique......Page 138
3.3.2 Bipolar UHF Power Amplifier......Page 149
3.3.3 MOSFET VHF High-Power Amplifier......Page 153
3.4.1 Analytic Design Technique......Page 156
3.4.2 Equivalence Between Circuits with Lumped and Distributed Parameters......Page 162
3.4.3 Narrowband Microwave Power Amplifier......Page 165
3.4.4 Broadband UHF High-Power Amplifier......Page 167
3.5 Matching Networks with Mixed Lumped and Distributed Elements......Page 169
References......Page 171
4.1.1 Three-Port Networks......Page 173
4.1.2 Four-Port Networks......Page 174
4.2 Transmission-Line Transformers and Combiners......Page 176
4.3 Baluns......Page 186
4.4 Wilkinson Power Dividers/Combiners......Page 192
4.5 Microwave Hybrids......Page 200
4.6 Coupled-Line Directional Couplers......Page 210
References......Page 215
5.1 Types of Filters......Page 219
5.2.1 Constant-k Filter Sections......Page 223
5.2.2 m-Derived Filter Sections......Page 225
5.3.1 Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter......Page 228
5.3.2 Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter......Page 231
5.3.3 Elliptic Function Low-Pass Filter......Page 234
5.3.4 Maximally Flat Group-Delay Low-Pass Filter......Page 237
5.4 Bandpass and Bandstop Transformation......Page 240
5.5.1 Richards’s Transformation......Page 243
5.5.2 Kuroda Identities......Page 244
5.6.1 Impedance and Admittance Inverters......Page 246
5.6.2 Coupled-Line Section......Page 249
5.6.3 Parallel-Coupled Bandpass Filters Using Half-Wavelength Resonators......Page 252
5.6.4 Interdigital, Combline, and Hairpin Bandpass Filters......Page 254
5.6.5 Microstrip Filters with Unequal Phase Velocities......Page 257
5.6.6 Bandpass and Bandstop Filters Using Quarter-Wavelength Resonators......Page 259
5.7 SAW and BAW Filters......Page 261
References......Page 268
6.1.1 Basic Principle......Page 273
6.1.2 Amplitude Modulators......Page 277
6.2.1 Double-Sideband Modulation......Page 280
6.2.2 Single-Sideband Generation......Page 283
6.2.3 Single-Sideband Modulator......Page 284
6.3 Frequency Modulation......Page 285
6.3.1 Basic Principle......Page 286
6.3.2 Frequency Modulators......Page 291
6.4 Phase Modulation......Page 296
6.5 Digital Modulation......Page 301
6.5.1 Amplitude Shift Keying......Page 302
6.5.2 Frequency Shift Keying......Page 305
6.5.3 Phase Shift Keying......Page 307
6.5.4 Minimum Shift Keying......Page 314
6.5.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation......Page 317
6.5.6 Pulse Code Modulation......Page 318
6.6 Class-S Modulator......Page 320
6.7.1 Time and Frequency Division Multiplexing......Page 322
6.7.3 Time Division Multiple Access......Page 323
6.7.4 Code Division Multiple Access......Page 324
References......Page 326
7.1 Basic Theory......Page 329
7.2 Single-Diode Mixers......Page 331
7.3.1 Single-Balanced Mixers......Page 336
7.3.2 Double-Balanced Mixers......Page 339
7.4 Transistor Mixers......Page 344
7.5 Dual-Gate FET Mixer......Page 347
7.6.1 Single-Balanced Mixers......Page 349
7.6.2 Double-Balanced Mixers......Page 352
7.7 Frequency Multipliers......Page 356
References......Page 362
8.1.1 Steady-State Operation Mode......Page 365
8.1.2 Start-Up Conditions......Page 367
8.2 Oscillator Configurations and Historical Aspect......Page 371
8.3 Self-Bias Condition......Page 376
8.4 Parallel Feedback Oscillator......Page 380
8.5 Series Feedback Oscillator......Page 383
8.6 Push–Push Oscillators......Page 386
8.7 Stability of Self-Oscillations......Page 390
8.8.1 Empirical Approach......Page 394
8.8.2 Analytic Approach......Page 397
8.9 Noise in Oscillators......Page 403
8.9.1 Parallel Feedback Oscillator......Page 404
8.9.2 Negative Resistance Oscillator......Page 410
8.9.3 Colpitts Oscillator......Page 412
8.9.4 Impulse Response Model......Page 415
8.10 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators......Page 425
8.11 Crystal Oscillators......Page 435
8.12 Dielectric Resonator Oscillators......Page 441
References......Page 446
9.1 Basic Loop Structure......Page 451
9.2 Analog Phase-Locked Loops......Page 453
9.3 Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops......Page 457
9.4 Digital Phase-Locked Loops......Page 459
9.5.1 Phase Detector......Page 462
9.5.2 Loop Filter......Page 467
9.5.3 Frequency Divider......Page 472
9.5.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator......Page 475
9.6.1 Lock Range......Page 479
9.6.2 Stability......Page 480
9.6.3 Transient Response......Page 481
9.6.4 Noise......Page 483
9.7 Phase Modulation Using Phase-Locked Loops......Page 484
9.8.2 Integer-N Synthesizers Using PLL......Page 487
9.8.3 Fractional-N Synthesizers Using PLL......Page 489
9.8.4 Direct Digital Synthesizers......Page 491
References......Page 492
10.1 Power Gain and Stability......Page 495
10.2 Basic Classes of Operation: A, AB, B, and C......Page 505
10.3 Linearity......Page 514
10.4 Nonlinear Effect of Collector Capacitance......Page 521
10.5 DC Biasing......Page 524
10.6 Push–Pull Power Amplifiers......Page 533
10.7 Broadband Power Amplifiers......Page 540
10.8 Distributed Power Amplifiers......Page 555
10.9 Harmonic Tuning Using Load–Pull Techniques......Page 561
10.10 Thermal Characteristics......Page 567
References......Page 570
11.1.1 Voltage-Switching Configurations......Page 575
11.1.2 Current-Switching Configurations......Page 579
11.1.3 Drive and Transition Time......Page 582
11.2 Class F......Page 585
11.2.1 Idealized Class F Mode......Page 587
11.2.2 Class F with Quarterwave Transmission Line......Page 590
11.2.3 Effect of Saturation Resistance......Page 593
11.2.4 Load Networks with Lumped and Distributed Parameters......Page 595
11.3 Inverse Class F......Page 599
11.3.1 Idealized Inverse Class F Mode......Page 601
11.3.2 Inverse Class F with Quarterwave Transmission Line......Page 603
11.3.3 Load Networks with Lumped and Distributed Parameters......Page 604
11.4 Class E with Shunt Capacitance......Page 607
11.4.1 Optimum Load Network Parameters......Page 608
11.4.2 Saturation Resistance and Switching Time......Page 613
11.4.3 Load Network with Transmission Lines......Page 617
11.5.1 General Analysis and Optimum Circuit Parameters......Page 619
11.5.2 Parallel-Circuit Class E......Page 623
11.5.3 Broadband Class E......Page 628
11.5.4 Power Gain......Page 631
11.6.1 General Analysis and Optimum Circuit Parameters......Page 633
11.6.2 Load Network with Zero Series Reactance......Page 640
11.6.3 Matching Circuits with Lumped and Distributed Parameters......Page 643
11.7 Class FE......Page 646
11.8 CAD Design Example: 1.75 GHz HBT Class E MMIC Power Amplifier......Page 656
References......Page 671
12.1 Feedforward Amplifier Architecture......Page 675
12.2 Cross Cancellation Technique......Page 681
12.3 Reflect Forward Linearization Amplifier......Page 683
12.4 Predistortion Linearization......Page 684
12.5 Feedback Linearization......Page 690
12.6 Doherty Power Amplifier Architectures......Page 696
12.7 Outphasing Power Amplifiers......Page 703
12.8 Envelope Tracking......Page 709
12.9 Switched Multipath Power Amplifiers......Page 713
12.10.1 Envelope Elimination and Restoration......Page 720
12.10.2 Pulse-Width Carrier Modulation......Page 722
12.10.4 Digital RF Amplification......Page 724
References......Page 727
13.1 Power Detector and VSWR Protection......Page 735
13.2 Switches......Page 740
13.3 Phase Shifters......Page 746
13.3.1 Diode Phase Shifters......Page 747
13.3.2 Schiffman 90◦ Phase Shifter......Page 754
13.3.3 MESFET Phase Shifters......Page 757
13.4 Attenuators......Page 759
13.5 Variable Gain Amplifiers......Page 764
13.6 Limiters......Page 768
References......Page 771
14.1 Amplitude-Modulated Transmitters......Page 777
14.1.1 Collector Modulation......Page 778
14.1.2 Base Modulation......Page 780
14.1.3 Low-Level Modulation......Page 782
14.1.4 Amplitude Keying......Page 783
14.2 Single-Sideband Transmitters......Page 784
14.3 Frequency-Modulated Transmitters......Page 786
14.4 Television Transmitters......Page 790
14.5 Wireless Communication Transmitters......Page 794
14.6 Radar Transmitters......Page 800
14.6.1 Phased-Array Radars......Page 801
14.6.2 Automotive Radars......Page 804
14.6.3 Electronic Warfare......Page 809
14.7 Satellite Transmitters......Page 812
14.8 Ultra-Wideband Communication Transmitters......Page 815
References......Page 820
Index......Page 827
WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING......Page 835