Objective:
The hypothesis was studied whether restrained eaters had reduced resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and whether the effect was caused by weight cycling. Method: 12 restrained and 12 unrestrained eaters (classified by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire) were studied with regard to RMR an DIT by indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system. In a second study 12 weight cycling restrained eaters and 7 2 weight stable restrained eaters were compared. Results: Restrained eaters had significantly lower RMR than unrestrained eaters. No difference in DIT was found. Weight cycling and no weight cycling restrained eaters did not differ with regard to RMR and DIT. Discussion: These data indicate that restrained eating but not weight cycling significantly reduces RMR. 0 7 996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Restrained eating is a behavior pattern characterized by various but inconspicious forms of dieting. To achieve or maintain a slim body shape, a substantial number of women tend to control their food intake consciously. Conscious control of food intake can be seen in rapid weight loss due to a low-calorie diet or in a more inconspicious form, for example, avoiding fat or skipping a meal (for review see ). Restrained eating is common in obese subjects and post obese subjects, but also in normal weight subjects who have never been obese. Restrained eaters can be identified by use of instruments such as the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ; Stunkard & Messick, 1985).
The balance of energy input against energy expenditure clearly determines changes in body weight. Total energy expenditure can be thought of as having components corre-