Research Laboratory Safety

✍ Scribed by Daniel Reid Kuespert

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2016
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 282
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Research Laboratory Safety explains the most important prerequisite when working in a laboratory: Knowing the potential hazards of equipment and the chemical materials to be employed. Students learn how to assess and control risks in a research laboratory and to identify a possible danger. An approach on the hazard classes such as physical, chemical, biological and radiation hazards is given and exercises to each class prepare for exams.

• Practical approach supplemented by checklists and exercises on Risk assessment, Hazard control and identification methods and many more
• Short case studies/examples in each chapter, one drawn from an "obvious" field, one from a "non-obvious" field
  

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Notes to the Instructor
Part I: Introductory Material
1 Introduction
1.1 Accidents in the research laboratory
1.1.1 Vladimir Likhonos: eating explosives
1.1.2 Karen Wetterhahn: a deadly droplet
1.1.3 Michele Dufault: hair is a hazard
1.1.4 Louis Slotin: A slipped screwdriver
1.1.5 Preston Brown: Ignoring safety protocols
1.1.6 Sheri Sangji: a spontaneous fire
1.2 Factors contributing to laboratory accidents
1.2.1 Reason’s Swiss cheese model
1.2.2 Accident “causes”
1.2.3 Unsafe conditions versus unsafe behavior
1.3 Hazards in the laboratory
1.3.1 Types of hazards
1.3.2 Main risks in laboratories
2 Ethical responsibilities
2.1 Who requires protection?
2.2 Ethical responsibility to others in the lab
2.3 Penalties for ethical violations
3 Assessing and controlling risk
3.1 Distinguishing hazard from risk
3.2 Simple methods for estimating risk
3.3 A semiquantitative method for risk estimation in the laboratory
3.4 Risk assessment exercises
4 Hazard and risk controls
4.1 The hazard control process
4.1.1 Hazard identification
4.1.2 Risk screening
4.1.3 Hazard analysis
4.1.4 Hazard control
4.2 Classifying hazard controls
4.2.1 Functional classification of hazard controls
4.2.2 Traditional hierarchy of controls
4.2.3 Creativity in hazard control
4.3 Exercises: Hazard control
Part II: Hazard classes and control methods
5 Hazard identification methods
5.1 Brainstorming, mind-mapping, and other creative methods
5.2 Checklists
5.3 Reference books
5.4 Regulations and standards
5.5 Real-life hazard identification
5.6 Exercises: Hazard identification
6 Physical hazards
6.1 Mechanical hazards
6.1.1 Pinch points
6.1.2 Guards and interlocks for mechanical hazards
6.1.3 Shear points
6.1.4 Run-in points
6.1.5 Wrap points
6.1.6 Clobbering
6.2 Sharps
6.2.1 What is a sharp?
6.2.2 Sharps handling
6.2.3 Sharps disposal
6.3 Heat
6.3.1 Common laboratory sources of heat
6.3.2 Heat-protective apparel
6.3.3 Using torches, burners, and other open flames in the lab
6.4 Cold (including cryogen safety)
6.4.1 Common laboratory sources of low temperatures
6.4.2 Safe procedures for maintenance of refrigerators and freezers
6.4.3 Cryogenic temperatures
6.5 Pressure and vacuum
6.5.1 Compressed gases
6.6 Electricity and magnetism
6.6.1 Electricity
6.6.2 Magnetism
6.7 General environmental hazards
6.7.1 Trips, slips, and-falls
6.7.2 Lighting
6.7.3 Noise
6.7.4 Security hazards
6.8 Case study: Chemistry experiment
6.9 Exercises: Physical hazards
7 Chemical hazards
7.1 Routes of exposure to chemical hazards
7.2 Chemical properties contributing to hazard
7.2.1 Reactivity
7.2.2 Volatility
7.3 The chemical fume hood
7.4 General hazard classifications and precautions
7.4.1 Experimental protocols for chemical handling
7.4.2 Flammables and oxidizers
7.4.3 Corrosives
7.4.4 Toxics
7.4.5 Physical hazards from chemicals
7.4.6 Reactive chemicals
7.5 Communicating chemical hazards
7.5.1 NFPA 704 “fire diamond”
7.5.2 Transportation labeling
7.5.3 The Globally Harmonized System
7.5.4 The Safety Data Sheet
7.6 Case studies
7.6.1 Chemistry experiment
7.6.2 Biology experiment
7.7 Exercises: Chemical hazards
8 Biological hazards
8.1 Lab-acquired infections
8.2 Assessment of biological infection risk
8.2.1 Agent hazards
8.2.2 Laboratory procedure hazards
8.3 Biosafety levels
8.3.1 Biosafety level 1 (BSL—1)
8.3.2 Biosafety level 2 (BSL—2)
8.3.3 Biosafety level 3 (BSL—3)
8.3.4 Biosafety level 4 (BSL—4)
8.4 Biological laboratory work practices
8.4.1 General laboratory practices
8.4.2 Personal protection
8.4.3 Pipetting, syringing, and other sample-transfer methods
8.4.4 Equipment use
8.4.5 Storage, inventory, and labeling
8.5 The biological safety cabinet
8.5.1 A BSC is not a chemical fume hood
8.5.2 The “laminar flow hood” or “clean air hood” is not a BSC
8.5.3 Using a BSC
8.6 Case studies
8.6.1 Biology experiment
8.6.2 Civil/environmental engineering experiment
8.7 Exercises: biological hazards
9 Radiation hazards
9.1 Ionizing radiation
9.1.1 Types of ionizing radiation
9.1.2 Sources of hazard from ionizing radiation
9.1.3 Control of ionizing radiation
9.2 Non-ionizing radiation
9.2.1 Ultraviolet radiation
9.2.2 Infrared radiation
9.2.3 Radiofrequency (RF) radiation
9.2.4 Laser light sources
9.3 Case studies
9.3.1 Chemical engineering experiment
9.3.2 Medical experiment
9.3.3 Exercises: radiation hazards
Part III: Hazard analysis techniques
10 The Checklist technique
10.1 Strengths, weaknesses, and suitability
10.2 Sources of checklists
10.3 Example checklist: Quick laboratory inspection
10.4 Evaluating recommendations from hazard analyses
10.5 Exercises: laboratory inspection
11 The Job Hazard Analysis technique (JHA)
11.1 Strengths, weaknesses, and suitability
11.2 Technique
11.3 Example JHA
11.4 Exercises: Job Hazard Analysis
12 The What-If? technique
12.1 Strengths and weaknesses
12.2 Suitability
12.3 What-If? Technique
12.3.1 Scoping
12.3.2 Team assembly
12.3.3 What-If?
12.3.4 Causes
12.3.5 Consequences
12.3.6 Controls
12.3.7 Current risk
12.3.8 Recommendations
12.3.9 Revised risk
12.4 Example What-If? Study: Multi-axis press
12.4.1 Nodes
12.4.2 Team assembly
12.4.3 What-if #1: What if a hydraulic actuator fails?
12.4.4 What-if #2: What if a hydraulic line fails?
12.4.5 What-if #3: What if the hydraulic pump develops a leak?
12.5 Exercise: What-if? technique
Part IV: Practical applications of hazard control
13 Controlling hazards in a laboratory procedure using JHA
13.1 Reproducing a procedure from the literature
13.2 Exercises: Using procedures taken from a research paper
14 Evaluating risks in an experimental apparatus using What-If? technique
14.1 Case study: What-If? technique
14.2 What-If? technique study on an experimental apparatus
15 Designing an experiment from scratch
15.1 Hazard controls are ex post facto solutions
15.2 The only set factor in an experiment is the objective
15.3 Inherently safer design principles
15.3.1 The history of ISD
15.3.2 ISD design principles
15.4 Case studies in laboratory ISD
15.4.1 Lab ISD case study: Impact testing of steel
15.4.2 Lab ISD case study: The “Rainbow Experiment”
15.5 Exercise: Inherently safer design of a hazardous experiment
Part V: Appendices
16 Laboratory safety checklists (abbreviated)
17 Checklist reviews for common laboratory operations
17.1 Delivering gas from a compressed gas cylinder
17.2 Flame-sealing a glass tube with an oxyacetylene torch
17.3 Using a biological safety cabinet
18 Writing experimental protocols and Standard Operating Procedures
18.1 Types of “SOP”
18.2 General advice on writing protocols
18.3 Writing protocols for hazardous materials handling
18.4 Writing protocols for experimental procedures
18.5 Writing protocols for use of hazardous equipment
19 Annotated bibliography of laboratory safety references
References
Index