Renewable Energy Technologies and Resources

✍ Scribed by Nader Anani

• Publisher: Artech House
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 235
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This exciting new book presents an excellent coverage of renewable energy technologies and resources. The book focuses on photovoltaics, hydro, tidal, wind, and biomass systems. It explains the scientific principles and physical systems used for harvesting and harnessing of renewable resources and makes comprehensive use of worked examples and problems. Readers will also learn how to effectively calculate the cost and payback time for a given renewable energy plant by understanding the factors affecting the cost of generating electricity from a renewable energy system. The book uses a simplified mathematical approach and provides appropriate background material. The ultimate objective of the book is to provide a concise text book for university students on science and engineering courses as well as for professional practitioners. principles and physical systems used for harvesting and harnessing of renewable resources and makes comprehensive use of worked examples and problems. Readers will also learn how to effectively calculate the cost and payback time for a given renewable energy plant by understanding the factors affecting the cost of generating electricity from a renewable energy system. The book uses a simplified mathematical approach and provides appropriate background material.

✦ Table of Contents

Renewable Energy
Technologies and Resources
Contents
1
Introduction
1.1 Learning Outcomes
1.2 Overview
1.3 Introduction
1.4 Energy, Work, and Power
1.5 Basic Forms of Energy
1.5.1 Kinetic Energy
1.5.2 Gravitational Energy
1.5.3 Electrical Energy
1.5.4 Nuclear Energy
1.6 Capacity Factor and Efficiency
1.7 Current Use of Energy
1.8 Fossil Fuels and Greenhouse Effect
1.9 Renewable Energy Sources
1.9.1 Solar Energy
1.9.2 Hydropower
1.9.3 Wind Power
1.9.4 Wave Power
1.9.5 Biomass
1.9.6 Tidal Energy
1.9.7 Geothermal
1.10 Summary
1.11 Problems
References
2
Photovoltaics: Background Material
2.1 Learning Outcomes
2.2 Overview
2.3 Introduction
2.4 Coulomb’s Law
2.5 Static Electric Field
2.6 Static Electric Potential
2.7 The Concept of Static Potential Barrier
2.8 Intrinsic Semiconductors
2.9 Holes and Electrons as Charge Carriers
2.10 Extrinsic Semiconductors
2.11 Pn-Junction Diode
2.11.1 Pn-Junction under Reverse-Bias Condition
2.11.2 Pn-Junction under Forward-Bias Condition
2.12 Semiconductor Diode as a Circuit Element
2.13 Solving Diode Circuit Problems
2.13.1 Load-Line Method
2.13.2 Trial and Error Method
2.14 Large Signal Diode Models
2.14.1 The Ideal Diode Model
2.14.2 The Battery Plus Ideal Diode Model
2.14.3 The Battery Plus Resistance Plus Ideal Diode Model
2.15 Problems
References
3
Photovoltaics: Characteristics and Circuit Modeling of the PV Cell
3.1 Learning Outcomes
3.2 Overview
3.3 Introduction
3.4 Electromagnetic Energy
3.5 Spectral Irradiance, Insolation, and Radiation
3.6 The Photovoltaic Effect
3.7 Photovoltaic Materials
3.8 The Bandgap Energy Theory
3.9 Energy from the Sun and its Spectrum
3.10 Theoretical Maximum Efficiency of PV Cells
3.11 Operation of a Generic PV Cell
3.12 Terminal Characteristic of a PV Cell
3.13 Standard Test Conditions
3.14 Equivalent Circuit Models of a PV Cell
3.14.1 Ideal Model
3.14.2 Ideal Model Plus Parallel Resistance Model
3.14.3 Ideal Model Plus a Series Resistance
3.14.4 Ideal Model Plus Parallel Resistance Plus Series Resistance
3.15 Summary
3.16 Chapter Problems
References
4
Photovoltaics: PV Arrays Operation and Characteristics
4.1 Learning Outcomes
4.2 Overview
4.3 Introduction
4.4 Photovoltaic Arrays
4.5 Fill Factor and Efficiency
4.6 Effects of Temperature and Insolation on the I-V and P-V Characteristics
4.7 Effects of Partial Shading on the I-V and P-V Characteristics and Bypass Diodes
4.8 Blocking Diode
4.9 Summary
4.10 Problems
References
5
Photovoltaics: PV Generating Systems
5.1 Learning Outcomes
5.2 Overview
5.3 Introduction
5.4 Stand-alone Photovoltaic Generating Systems
5.4.1 Directly Coupled PV system
5.4.2 Directly Coupled PV System with Battery
5.4.3 Hybrid System
5.5 Grid-Connected Systems
5.5.1 DC-AC Inverters
5.5.2 Standards for Grid-Inverters
5.5.3 DC-DC Converters
5.6 Operation of a PV Generator with Different Types of Loads
5.6.1 Load Curve for a Purely Resistive Load
5.6.2 Load Curve for a DC Motor
5.6.3 Load Curve for a Battery
5.7 Maximum Power Point Trackers
5.8 Batteries and Energy Storage
5.9 Effect of Blocking Diodes
5.10 Summary
5.11 Problems
References
6
Hydroelectricity
6.1 Learning Outcomes
6.2 Overview
6.3 Introduction
6.4 Essential Elements of a Hydroelectric Power Plant
6.5 Classifications of Hydroelectric Plants by Rated Capacity
6.6 Classification of Hydropower Plants by Effective Head of Water
6.7 Calculation of Hydropower
6.8 Pelton Turbine
6.8.1 Governing the Pelton Turbine
6.8.2 Input Power
6.9 Kaplan Turbine
6.10 Francis Turbine
6.11 Tubular Turbine
6.12 Load Curve
6.13 Pumped Storage
6.14 Hydro as an Element in a Power System
6.15 Resource
6.16 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower
6.17 Summary
6.18 Problems
References
7
Tidal Energy
7.1 Learning Outcomes
7.2 Overview
7.3 Introduction
7.4 The Nature of Tidal Energy
7.5 Tidal Barrage Power Generation
7.5.1 Single-Basin Ebb Generation
7.5.2 Single-Basin Flood Generation
7.5.3 Single-Basin Two-Way Generation
7.5.4 Double-Basin Scheme
7.6 Power Generation Profile
7.7 Tidal Lagoon Energy Harnessing
7.8 Tidal Stream Schemes
7.9 Calculations of Power Output of a Tidal Barrage
7.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Power
7.11 Summary
7.12 Problems
References
8
Wind Energy
8.1 Learning Outcomes
8.2 Overview
8.3 Introduction
8.4 Turbine Blades
8.5 Types of Wind Turbines
8.6 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
8.7 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
8.8 Power in the Wind
8.8.1 Effect of the Number of Blades
8.8.2 Maximum Theoretical Efficiency of Wind Turbines
8.9 Electrical Power and Energy from Wind Turbines
8.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy
8.11 Wind Turbine Generators
8.12 Summary
8.13 Problems
References
9
Bioenergy
9.1 Learning Outcomes
9.2 Overview
9.3 Introduction
9.4 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source
9.5 Biomass as a Solar Energy Source
9.6 Biomass as a Fuel
9.7 Primary Biomass Energy Sources
9.7.1 Woody Biomass
9.7.2 Cellulosic Materials
9.7.3 Sugary Crops
9.7.4 Oilseed Crops
9.7.5 Microalgae
9.8 Secondary Biomass Sources
9.8.1 Wood Residues
9.8.2 Crop Coproducts
9.8.3 Animal Wastes
9.8.4 Municipal Solid Waste
9.8.5 Commercial and Industrial Wastes
9.9 Advantages of Biomass
9.9.1 Renewable
9.9.2 Carbon-Neutral
9.9.3 Versatile
9.9.4 Reduction of Waste
9.9.5 Local
9.9.6 Abundant
9.10 Disadvantages of Biomass
9.10.1 Not Completely Clean
9.10.2 Risk of Deforestation
9.10.3 Requires Large Space
9.10.4 Inefficient
9.10.5 Requires Water
9.11 Processing of Biomass
9.12 Summary
9.13 Problems
References
10
Costing a Renewable Energy Project
10.1 Learning Outcomes
10.2 Overview
10.3 Introduction
10.4 Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor
10.5 Types of Costs of a Power Plant
10.6 Factors Affecting the Cost of Electricity
10.6.1 Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor
10.6.2 Fuel Costs and Efficiency
10.6.3 O&M Costs
10.6.4 Capital Costs and Plant Lifetime
10.7 Calculating Costs
10.7.1 Payback Time Method
10.7.2 Annual Levelized Cost of Electricity
10.8 Problems
References
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