Reflections on Artificial Intelligence for Humanity (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)

✍ Scribed by Bertrand Braunschweig (editor), Malik Ghallab (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 278
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

We already observe the positive effects of AI in almost every field, and foresee its potential to help address our sustainable development goals and the urgent challenges for the preservation of the environment. We also perceive that the risks related to the safety, security, confidentiality, and fairness of AI systems, the threats to free will of possibly manipulative systems, as well as the impact of AI on the economy, employment, human rights, equality, diversity, inclusion, and social cohesion need to be better assessed. The development and use of AI must be guided by principles of social cohesion, environmental sustainability, resource sharing, and inclusion. It has to integrate human rights, and social, cultural, and ethical values of democracy. It requires continued education and training as well as continual assessment of its effects through social deliberation.

The “Reflections on AI for Humanity” proposed in this book develop the following issues and sketch approaches for addressing them:

• How can we ensure the security requirements of critical applications and the safety and confidentiality of data communication and processing? What techniques and regulations for the validation, certification, and audit of AI tools are needed to develop confidence in AI? How can we identify and overcome biases in algorithms? How do we design systems that respect essential human values, ensuring moral equality and inclusion?
• What kinds of governance mechanisms are needed for personal data, metadata, and aggregated data at various levels?
• What are the effects of AI and automation on the transformation and social division of labor? What are the impacts on economic structures? What proactive and accommodation measures will be required?
• How will people benefit from decision support systems and personal digital assistants without the risk of manipulation? How do we design transparent and intelligible procedures and ensure that their functions reflect our values and criteria? How can we anticipate failure and restore human control over an AI system when it operates outside its intended scope?
• How can we devote a substantial part of our research and development resources to the major challenges of our time such as climate, environment, health, and education?

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Organization
Contents
Reflections on AI for Humanity: Introduction
1 Context of the Book
2 What Is AI Today
3 AI Risks and Challenges
4 Worldwide Initiatives on the Societal Impact of AI
5 Outline of the Book
6 What's Next: An Opening for GPAI
References
Trustworthy AI
1 The Necessity of Trustworthy AI
2 The Meaning of Trust Regarding Machines
2.1 Technical Trust
2.2 Governance
3 The Difficulty of Understanding
3.1 Complexity of AI Systems
3.2 Human Understanding
4 Explainability – Opening the Black Box
4.1 Approaches
4.2 Open Challenges
5 Verification
5.1 Issues
5.2 Approaches
5.3 Challenges
6 Human Rights and AI
6.1 Why Should Human Rights Provide the Foundational Ethical Standards for Trustworthy AI?
6.2 How to Ensure that Trustworthy AI Offers Effective Human Rights Protection?
6.3 Open Challenges
7 Beneficial AI
7.1 AI in the Standard Model
7.2 AI in the New Model: Assistance Games
7.3 Research Agenda and Open Questions
8 Conclusion: The Way Ahead
References
Democratising the Digital Revolution: The Role of Data Governance
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Data for Intelligence: The Role of Data Governance in Creating AI that Benefits Humanity
3 The Role of Law and Governance in the Digital Environment
3.1 Understanding the Lessons from Recent History
3.2 Current Legal Structures and Data Rights
3.3 The Changing Technology Environment
3.4 Bridging the Gaps: A Democratic Model for Data Governance?
4 Commons, Cooperatives, and Counter-Power
4.1 Mutualisation as a Tool to Counter Power Asymmetries
4.2 The Emergence of Data Trusts as a Governance Tool
5 Optimising for Democracy? A Data Governance System that Benefits Humanity
References
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work
1 Introduction
2 Is This Time Different?
2.1 Impact on the Manufacturing Sector
2.2 Impact on the Service Sector
2.3 Information as Key Driver
2.4 Expected or Explosive?
2.5 “Telemigration” in Perspective
3 Artificial Intelligence and Job Quality
3.1 Artificial-Artificial Intelligence
3.2 Algorithmic Management and Job Quality
3.3 Platform and Beyond
4 Policy Implication
4.1 Testing New Approaches
4.2 International Organizations’ Perspectives
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Reflections on Decision-Making and Artificial Intelligence
1 Introduction
2 Machine Learning Predictions for AI Decisions
3 Case Studies
3.1 AI Shared Decision-Making in Health Care
3.2 AI Decision-Making as a Social System
3.3 Fair and Accountable AI Decisions
3.4 Designing for Responsible Decision-Making
3.5 Educating for Human Agency
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
AI & Human Values
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Concepts
2.1 Privacy
2.2 Bias
2.3 Fairness and Discrimination
2.4 Nudge
3 Inequalities
3.1 Bias
3.2 Fairness and Discrimination
3.3 Nudge
3.4 Feedback Loops
4 Putting Human Values at the Core of AI
References
Next Big Challenges in Core AI Technology
Abstract
1 The Need to Address Scientific and Technological Challenges for an AI for Humanity
2 Endowing Deep Neural Networks to Show and Explain Behavior and Decision Making
2.1 AI Landscape and Architecture Search
2.2 Interpreting Deep Neural Networks
2.3 Explainable AI
3 The Challenge of Trustworthy AI
4 Addressing the AI Talent Bottleneck by Automating Artificial Intelligence
4.1 Causes and Consequences of the Current Boom in AI
4.2 The Biggest Risk Associated with AI
4.3 Automating Artificial Intelligence
4.4 The Way of the Future
References
AI for Humanity: The Global Challenges
1 What AI Can Do for Us
2 Global Challenge: Health
3 Global Challenge: Education
4 Global Challenge: Earth
5 Global Challenge: Science
6 Conclusion: Technical and Philosophical Challenges for AI
References
AI and Constitutionalism: The Challenges Ahead
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Big Data, Privacy and the Limits of Informed Consent
2.1 ICT and AI: A Consciously Misinformed Consent
2.2 The Overestimation of Informed Consent in AI-Driven Medical Research
3 The Risk of Monopoly Power
4 Political Profiling and the Bubble Democracy
5 AI and Equality
5.1 Workforce and Job Market
5.2 Justice
5.3 Health and Medicine
6 The Central Issue: Evaluation and Decision
6.1 The Technical Arguments
6.2 The Anthropological Arguments
7 A List of New ‘human’ Rights
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Analyzing the Contribution of Ethical Charters to Building the Future of Artificial Intelligence Governance
1 Introduction
2 The Ethical Charter Landscape: The First Component of AI Governance Development
2.1 The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
2.2 The Formalization of Ethics: A Social Regulation Tool
3 Building on Ethical Charters to Expand the AI Normative Landscape
3.1 The Deployment of AI Regulations
3.2 Seizing Opportunities for an International Scaling-Up of AI Normativity
4 Conclusion
References
What Does “Ethical by Design” Mean?
1 Introduction
2 The “by Design” Family
2.1 Safety by Design
2.2 “Privacy by Design”: A Legal Approach to the Protection of Personal Information
2.3 The Comprehensive Framework of “Responsible Innovation”
3 State of the Art: Top-Down and Bottom-up Approaches
3.1 A Deontological Approach: A Hippocratic Oath for AI?
3.2 Applied Ethics for AI
3.3 Moral Machines?
3.4 Fairness by Design
4 Guidelines for an Ethics by Design
4.1 Ethics in the Process
4.2 Experiential and Experimental
4.3 A Processual Care Ethics with AI
References
AI for Digital Humanities and Computational Social Sciences
Abstract
1 AI as an Object of Research for Social and Human Sciences
1.1 AI and the History of Science
1.2 AI and Its Imagination
2 AI Methods and Tools for Social and Human Sciences
2.1 Text, Language and Data Analysis
2.2 Network Analysis
2.3 IA in Art History
3 AI in a Social Research Practice and Organizaztion
References
Augmented Human and Human-Machine Co-evolution: Efficiency and Ethics
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Short Definition of Terms
2.1 Augmented Human (Physical/Cognitive/Virtual)
2.2 Human-Machine Co-evolution
2.3 Core Principles for Ethical AI
3 Facets of Human Machine Co-creation, Co-learning and Co-adaption
3.1 Surviving in Man-Made Environments: The Case for Language and Vision
3.2 Robots Learning from Humans: Past, Current and Future to Purposive Learning
3.3 Empowering Multimodal Affective Behavior Analysis by Interactive Machine Learning
3.4 Symbiotic Interaction to Socialware – Social and Semantic Interactions of Augmented Human and Ambient Intelligence
3.5 Socially Aware AI - Maintaining the Human at the Center of AI Design
4 Best Practices in Education
4.1 IntelliChalk – Teaching Mathematics with a Data Wall
4.2 Lumilo – AI for Personalized Learning: Students, Teachers and AI Systems Augmenting Each Other’s Abilities
4.3 Wordometer, CoaLA and LeAE – Experiential Supplements: Sharing Human Experiences for Co-learning
5 Conclusion
References
Democratizing AI for Humanity: A Common Goal
Abstract
1 Background
1.1 The Need to Democratize AI
1.2 Problem Space
2 The AI Commons
2.1 History of the AI Commons
2.2 The AI Commons Model
A Framework for Global Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence and Its Governance
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Need for Global Cooperation on AI
2.1 Why AI Necessitates Governance
2.2 Why AI’s Governance Requires a Global Approach
2.3 Challenges to Overcome
3 Areas for Global Cooperation on AI and Its Governance
3.1 The Horizontal Dimension of AI Governance
3.2 The Vertical Dimension to AI Governance
4 Organizing Global Cooperation on AI and Its Governance
4.1 Balancing the Need for Swift Action, a Holistic Approach and Attention to Context-Specificity
4.2 Clarifying the Rules of Engagement
4.3 Building on Existing Cooperation Structures
4.4 Developing a Network of Networks
4.5 Maintaining Openness to Differentiated Cooperation
4.6 Securing an Inclusive and Transparent Way of Working, Mindful of Power Imbalances
4.7 Establishing a Feedback Loop and Preparing for the Future
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References