β Scribed by Jeanette K. Gundel, Nancy Hedberg
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
The ability to produce and understand referring expressions is basic to human language use and human cognition. Reference comprises the ability to think of and represent objects (both real and imagined/fictional), to indicate to others which of these objects we are talking about, and to determine what others are talking about when they use a nominal expression.The articles in this volume are concerned with some of the central themes and challenges in research on reference within the cognitive sciences - philosophy (including philosophy of language and mind, logic, and formal semantics), theoretical and computational linguistics, and cognitive psychology. The papers address four basic questions: What is reference? What is the appropriate analysis of different referring forms, such as definite descriptions? How is reference resolved? and How do speaker/writers select appropriate referring forms, such as pronouns vs. full noun phrases, demonstrative vs. personal pronouns, and overt vs. null/zero pronominal forms? Some of the papers assume and build on existing theories, such as Centering Theory and the Givenness Hierarchy framework; others propose their own models of reference understanding or production.The essays examine reference from a number of disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by different research traditions and employing different methodologies. While the contributors to the volume were primarily trained in one of the four represented disciplines-computer science, linguistics, philosophy and psychology, and use methodologies typical of that discipline, each of them bridges more than one discipline in their methodology and/or their approach.
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
1. Introduction......Page 12
PART I: What Is Reference?......Page 20
2. On Referring and Not Referring......Page 22
PART II: What Is the Appropriate Linguistic Analysis of Different Forms of Referring Expression?......Page 68
3. Issues in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Definite Descriptions in English......Page 70
4. Equatives and Deferred Reference......Page 82
PART III: How Is Reference Resolved?......Page 102
5. Rethinking the SMASH Approach to Pronoun Interpretation......Page 104
6. Good-Enough Representation in Plural and Singular Pronominal Reference......Page 132
PART IV: How Do We Select Forms of Referring Expression?......Page 150
7. The Overlapping Distribution of Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns......Page 152
8. Reference, Centers, and Transitions in Spoken Spanish......Page 185
9. Linguistic Claims Formulated in Terms of Centering......Page 225
10. Looking Both Ways......Page 255
B......Page 282
D......Page 283
G......Page 284
K......Page 285
P......Page 286
S......Page 287
Z......Page 288
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