Recycling of photovoltaic (PV) modules at the end of their useful life is important for the success of commercializing PV technologies. There are economic, regulatory and technical issues related to recycling; these are addressed here in a case study of recycling CuInSez (CIS) PV modules, which is focused on: economics of the use and re-use of materials; regulations on environmental disposal and waste handling; logistics and economics of recycling and disposing of products by industries faced with comparable environmental issues; and a workable program of the PV industry of the future. The main conclusions are that there are potential regulatory hurdles but these can be overcome by paying attention to module design elements. In the case of hrge installations, collection of decommissioned PV modules is feasible with current infrastructure, whereas collection fiom small remote installations is problematic. Collecting and consolidating used P V modules will be simplijed if modules are returned to the manufacturer or to a contracted recycling center as 'products' destined for refurbishment andlor re-use. The projected cost of recycling CIS PV modules ranges from 0 to 0.08 US$ W -l , depending on the specific methods, participants and regulations of recycling. P of several potential photovoltaic (PV) power systems totaling over 300 MW could signal a shift in PV technology development to a stage of rapid commercialization. The success of large-scale commercialization is connected not only with lowering the cost of manufacturing but also with preserving To whom corrcspondcnce should be addressed.