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Recycled Polymer Blends and Composites: Processing, Properties, and Applications
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Contents
Zooming into Recycling of Composites
1. Introduction
2. Recycling of Plastics
3. Polymer Blends
4. Recycling of Blends with Limited Compatibilization
4.1 Recycling of Blends from Commingled Plastics
5. Recycling of Bioplastics-Based Blends
5.1 Mechanical Recycling of Blends Containing Bioplastics
5.2 Chemical Recycling of Blends Containing Bioplastics
6. Conclusions
References
Recycling of Polymeric Membranes
1. Introduction
2. Main Polymers Used in Membrane Manufacturing
3. Application of MSP
3.1 Water Purification
3.2 Beverages
3.3 Biofuels
3.4 Medical
4. Degradative Processes
5. Technologies Applied to the Recycling of Membranes
6. Challenges that Involve the Recycle of Polymeric Membranes
7. General Overview and Conclusions
References
Composites Based on Polymeric Matrices Recycled from Different Wastes and Natural Fibers
1. Introduction
2. Biocomposites Based on Recycled PET
3. Biocomposites Based on Recycled PP
4. Conclusions
References
Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polyolefin Composites
1. Introduction
1.1 Recycled Polyolefins Phase
1.2 Reinforcing Phase
2. Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polyolefin-Based Composites
2.1 Effect of Recycled Polyolefin Types and Blend Composition
2.2 Effect of Natural Reinforcements
2.3 Effect of Artificial Reinforcements
2.4 Effects of Nano-Size Filler
2.5 Effects of Hybrid Filler
3. Conclusions
References
Polymeric Substances Recycled from Excess Sludge in Wastewater Treatment Plant
1. Introduction
2. Membrane Recovery of Alginate
2.1 Ultrafiltration (UF) Concentration of Sodium Alginate (SA) Solution
2.2 Filtration Coefficient and Recovery Rate of Alginate
2.3 Forward Osmosis Recovery with Useful Reverse Solute Diffusion
2.4 Properties of Recycled Materials
2.4.1 Moisture Content of Filter Cake
2.4.2 Photomicrographs
2.4.3 Size Distributions
2.4.4 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra
2.4.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Spectra
2.4.6 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
3. Membrane Recovery of EPSs and Their Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption Properties
3.1 Membrane Concentration of EPS Solutions in the Presence of Ca2+
3.2 MF Separation of Polysaccharides and Proteins in EPS
3.3 Adsorption Behaviors of Heavy Metal Ions on EPS
3.4 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by UF with Recovery of EPSs
4. Surfactant-Enhanced Ultrasonic Extraction of Polymeric Substances
4.1 Effect of Surfactant on Extraction Efficiency
4.2 Mechanisms of Surfactant-Enhanced Ultrasonication Extraction
4.3 Characteristics of Polymeric Substances
4.3.1 Size Distribution
4.3.2 FTIR Analysis
4.3.3 XPS Analysis
4.4 Adsorption Properties of Pb2+ on Polymeric Substances
5. Challenges and Future Perspective
References
Recycling of Ground Tire Rubber According to the Literature
1. Introduction
2. Review Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Sources
3.2 Affiliations and Countries
3.3 Authors
3.4 Publications
3.5 Authorsâ Keywords
4. Challenges and Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
References
Polymer Processing Technology to Recycle Polymer Blends
1. Introduction
1.1 Basic Concepts
2 Mechanical Recycling
3. Polymer Blends Recycling
3.1 Recycled Homopolymer Blends
3.2 Recycled Binary Blends
3.3 Recycled Blends with Compatibilizer
3.4 Recycled Blends with Composites
3.5 Recycled Bioplastic-Based Blends
4. Conclusion
References
Sustainable Materials from Recycled Polypropylene Waste and Green Fillers: Processing, Properties, and Applications
1. Introduction
1.1 Polypropylene
1.2 Recycled Polypropylene
1.3 Green Fillers for Sustainable Materials
2. Properties of Green Fillers Reinforced Recycled PP Composites
2.1 Mechanical Properties of Recycled PP Matrix Composites
2.1.1 Theoretical Interfacial Strength Evaluation Through Micromechanics Models
2.2 Water Absorption of Recycled PP Matrix Composites
2.3 Electrical Conductivity of Recycled PP Matrix Composites
2.4 Thermal Conductivity of Recycled PP Matrix Composites
3. Processing of Recycled PP Composites Based on Type of Green Fillers
3.1 Melt Compounding/Melt Blending for Mixing of Discontinuous Matrix or Filler
3.1.1 Melt Compounding by Screw Extrusion
3.1.2 Melt Compounding by Internal Mixer
3.1.3 Melt Compounding by Injection Molding
3.2 Compression Molding Using Hot Pressing/Press-Forming for Fabrication
3.3 Making Recycled Polypropylene Composites Using Press-Forming for Continuous Matrix and Fillers
3.4 Strategy for the Improvement of Interaction
4. Challenges and Future Perspective
5. Conclusions
References
Comparative Studies of Natural Rubber/Virgin Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber and Natural Rubber/Recycled Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber and Natural Rubber/Blends
1. Introduction
2. Materials, Formulation, and Mixing Procedures
3. Properties of the Rubber Blends
3.1 Cure Characteristics and Dynamic Properties
3.2 Tensile Properties
3.3 Thermo-Oxidative Ageing
3.4 Swelling Behavior
3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.7 Activation Energy of Degradation Process
3.8 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
4. Conclusions
References
Optimization of Accelerators on the Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber Blends
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Preparation
3. Properties of Rubber Blends
3.1 Cure Characteristics
3.2 Tensile Properties
3.3 Thermo-Oxidative Ageing
3.4 Swelling Behavior
3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.7 Activation Energy of Degradation Process
3.8 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
4. Conclusions
References
Compatibilization of Natural Rubber/Recycled Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber Blends
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Preparation of the Blends
2.1 Materials
2.2 Preparation of the Blends in the Presence of Natural Rubber Latex
2.3 Preparation of the Blends in the Presence of Electron-Beam Irradiation
3. Effect of Natural Rubber Latex
3.1 Curing Characteristics
3.2 Tensile Properties
3.3 Swelling Behavior
3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.6 Activation Energy of the Degradation Process
3.7 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
4. Effect of Electron-Beam Irradiation
4.1 Curing Characteristics
4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
4.3 Mechanical Properties
4.4 Swelling Uptake and Cross-Link Density
4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
4.7 Activation Energy of Degradation Process
4.8 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
5. Conclusions
5.1 Effect of Natural Rubber Latex
5.2 Effect of Electron-Beam Irradiation
References
Effect of Metal Oxide Content on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber Blends
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Preparation of the Blends
3. Properties of the Rubber Blends
3.1 Curing Characteristics
3.2 Mechanical Properties
3.3 Fatigue Life
3.4 Swelling Behavior
3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.7 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
4. Conclusions
References
Chloroprene Rubber Waste as Blend Component with Natural Rubber, Epoxidized Natural Rubber, and Styrene Butadiene Rubber
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Preparation of the Blends
3. Properties of the Rubber Blends
3.1 Curing Characteristics
3.2 Mechanical Properties
3.3 Fatigue Life
3.4 Swelling Uptake and Cross-Link Density
3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.7 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
4. Conclusions
References
Recycled Cellulose and Cellulose-Based Materials by Gamma Rays and Its Use as Reinforcement in Composites
1. Introduction
2. Cellulose Irradiated by Gamma Rays
2.1 Degree of Polymerization (DP) and Molecular Weight
2.2 Degree of Crystallinity
2.3 Chemical Structure and Morphology
2.4 Thermal Properties and Mechanical Properties
3. Effects of Gamma Radiation in Materials Containing Cellulose
3.1 Cotton
3.2 Paper
3.3 Cellophane
3.4 Sisal
3.5 Bamboo
3.6 Wood
3.7 Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)
3.8 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)
3.9 Cellulose and Polylactic Acid
4. Conclusions
References
Tensile, Thermal Properties, and Biodegradability Test of Paddy Straw Powder-Filled Polyhydroxybutyrate-3-Valerate (PHBV) Biocomposites: Acrylation Pretreatment
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Work
2.1 Materials
2.2 Filler Treatment
2.3 The Blending of PHBV/PSP
2.4 Compression Moulding
2.5 Tensile Testing
2.6 Morphological Analysis
2.7 Thermal Analysis
2.8 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis
2.9 Biodegradability Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Tensile Properties
3.2 Morphological Study
3.3 Thermal Analysis
3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Properties
3.5 Biodegradability Test
4. Conclusions
References
Comparison Between Natural Rubber, Liquid Natural Rubber, and Recycled Natural Rubber as Secondary Matrix in Epoxy/Natural Rubber/Graphene Nano-platelet System
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1 Materials
2.2 Sample Preparation
2.2.1 Photo-Depolymerization of NR and LNR
2.2.2 Compounding of Two-Matrix Filled Epoxy/NR/GNP and Epoxy/LNR/GNP Systems
2.2.3 Compounding of Two-Matrix Filled Epoxy/rNR/GNP System
2.3 Characterizations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Density
3.2 Flexural Properties
3.3 Fracture Toughness
3.4 Thermal Properties
3.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.6 Electrical Bulk Conductivity
4. Conclusion
References
Recycling of Commonly Used Waste Plastics to Fabricate Membranes for Filtration Applications
1. Introduction
2. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
4. Polystyrene (PS)
5. Polycarbonate (PC)
6. Other Polymers and Future Perspective
7. Conclusions
References
Recycled Polymer Bio-based Composites: A Review of Compatibility and Performance Issues
1. Background
2. Recycled Polymers and Natural Fillers
3. Polymer-Filler Compatibility
3.1 Filler Modification
3.2 Polymer Functionalization
4. Recycled Polymer Bio-based Composites Performance
4.1 Mechanical Properties
4.2 Morphological Properties
4.3 Physical Properties
4.4 Thermal Properties
5. Applications
6. Future Perspectives
7. Concluding Remarks
References
Production and Recycling of Biocomposites: Present Trends and Future Perspectives
1. Present Trends in Biocomposites Production and Its Applications
2. Life-Cycle Analysis of Biocomposites
3. Recycling Technologies of Biocomposites
4. Properties of Recycled Biocomposites
5. Future Perspectives of Recycled Biocomposites
6. Conclusions
References
Recycled Polyethylene Blends and Composites: Current Trend, Technology, and Challenges
1. Polyethylene Blends and Composite Consumption
2. Polyethylene Blends and Composite Waste
3. PE Waste Treatment Options
3.1 Close-Loop Recycling of PE Composites
3.2 Close-Loop Recycling of Polymer Blends
4. Challenges and Future Perspective in PE Composites and Blends Recycling
5. Conclusions
References
Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Blends and Composites: Impact of PET Waste, Engineering Design, and Their Applications
1. Introduction
2. Source of PET Waste
3. Impact of PET Waste to Humans
4. Recycling Methods
4.1 Mechanical Recycling
4.2 Chemical Recycling
4.3 Energy Recovery
5. Engineering Design of Recycled PET
5.1 Recycled PET Blends
5.2 Recycled PET Composites
6. Applications of Recycled PET Blends and Composites
7. Challenges in PET Recycling
8. Conclusion
References
Index