Recent wireless power transfer technologies via radio waves

✍ Scribed by Shinohara, Naoki(Editor)

• Publisher: River Publishers
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 346
• Series: River Publishers series in communications
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is considered to be an innovative game changing technology. The same radio wave and electromagnetic field theory and technology for wireless communication and remote sensing is applied for WPT. In conventional wireless communication systems, information is "carried" on a radio wave and is then transmitted over a distance. In WPT however, the energy of the radio wave itself is transmitted over a distance. Wireless communication technology has proven to be extremely useful, however in the future it should be even more useful to apply both wireless communication and wireless power technologies together.

There are various WPT technologies, e.g. inductive near field WPT, resonance coupling WPT, WPT via radio waves, and laser power transfer.Recent Wireless Power Transfer Technologies via Radio Wavesfocuses on recent technologies and applications of the WPT via radio waves in far field. The book also covers the history, and future, of WPT via radio waves, as well as safety, EMC and coexistence of radio waves for WPT.

Technical topics discussed in the book include:

- Radio Wave Generation
- Radio Wave Amplification with Solid States Circuit and Microwave Tubes
- Antenna and Beam Forming Technologies
- Radio Wave Conversion/Rectification to Electricity
- Battery-less Sensor Applications toward Internet of Things (IoT)
- Solar Power Satellite Application
- Safety, EMC, Coexistence of Radio Waves for the WPT

WPT is an old technology based on the basic theory of radio waves; however, WPT is also a state-of-the-art technology for the latest applications in IoT, sensor networks, wireless chargers for mobile phones, and solar power satellite. The theory behind these technologies, as well as applications, are explained in this book.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS......Page 3
Title Page - Recent Wireless Power TransferTechnologies via Radio Waves......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
List of Contributors......Page 16
List of Figures......Page 18
List of Tables......Page 38
List of Abbreviations......Page 40
1.1 Introduction – History of Wireless Power Transfer......Page 44
1.2 Wireless Power Transfer Technologies......Page 49
References......Page 50
PART I - Technologies......Page 52
2.1 Introduction......Page 54
2.2 Low-Power WP Harvesting......Page 55
2.3.1 Medium-Power Microwave Transmitter Circuits......Page 69
2.3.2 Medium-Power Microwave Rectifier Circuits......Page 70
2.4.1 Rectifiers for High Power at Microwave Frequencies......Page 75
2.5 High-Power Near-Field Reactive WPT......Page 81
References......Page 85
3.1 Introduction......Page 92
3.2.1 Operating Principles......Page 93
3.2.2 Noise Reduction Methods for an Oven Magnetron......Page 95
3.2.3 Ingection Locked Magnetron......Page 96
3.2.4 Phase-Controlled Magnetron......Page 97
3.2.6 Power-Variable Phase-Controlled Magnetron......Page 100
3.2.7 Demonstrations of Microwave Power Transfer by Magnetrons......Page 102
3.3.1 Operating Principles......Page 104
3.3.2 Demonstrations of Wireless Power Transfer by Klystrons......Page 105
3.4 Amplitron......Page 106
References......Page 108
4.1 Introduction......Page 114
4.2 Beam Efficiency at Far Field......Page 116
4.3 Beam Efficiency at Radiative Near Field......Page 117
4.4 Beam Efficiency at Reactive Near Field......Page 119
4.5 Beam Receiving Efficiency at the Receiving Antenna......Page 122
4.6 Beam Forming by Using a Phased Array Antenna......Page 125
4.7 Direction of Arrival......Page 131
References......Page 136
5.1.1 What Is Rectenna......Page 138
5.1.2 Rectenna for Energy Harvesting......Page 140
5.1.3 Historical Perspective......Page 142
5.1.5 Towards Maximum Rectenna Efficiency......Page 144
5.2.1 High Efficiency Antenna......Page 146
5.2.3 High Impedance Antenna (Better for the Matching......Page 148
5.2.5 Rectenna Integrated Design without Matching Network......Page 149
5.2.6 Large Solid Angle High Gain Rectenna......Page 150
5.3 Matching Network......Page 151
5.3.2 Rectifiers with a Large Operating Input Range......Page 156
5.4.1 Conversion Efficiency......Page 158
5.4.2 Parasitic Efficiency......Page 161
5.4.3 DC Source to Load Power Transfer Efficiency......Page 162
5.4.4 Enhanced Nonlinearity......Page 163
5.4.6 Low Temperature Operation......Page 165
5.4.7 Enhance Input Power......Page 166
5.4.8 Synchronous Switching Rectifiers (Self-Synchronous Rectifier......Page 169
5.4.9 Harmonics Management......Page 170
5.5.1 Commercial Circuits......Page 173
5.5.2 Notable Lab Results......Page 174
References......Page 175
PART II - Applications......Page 184
6.1 Introduction......Page 186
6.2 Planted RF Harvesting......Page 187
6.2.1 WISP......Page 188
6.2.2 WISPCam......Page 190
6.2.2.1 Duty-cycling......Page 191
6.2.3 Applications......Page 192
6.2.3.1 Computationally light applications......Page 193
6.2.3.1.1 Analog gauge monitoring......Page 194
6.2.3.1.3 Self-localizing cameras......Page 195
6.2.3.2 Computationally demanding applications......Page 198
6.3 Ambient RF Harvesting......Page 199
6.3.1 Building a Power Supply......Page 200
6.3.1.1 Pulling power from the air......Page 201
6.3.1.2 An ambient RF-powered sensor node......Page 203
6.3.2 Multiband Harvesting......Page 205
6.3.2.1.1 Prototyping the multiband harvester......Page 207
6.3.3 Ambient Backscatter......Page 209
6.3.3.1 Summary......Page 210
6.4 Conclusion......Page 211
References......Page 212
7.1 Introduction......Page 216
7.2.1 IoT Enabled by WPT (Some Examples at Present......Page 218
7.2.2 IoT Future Trajectories......Page 220
7.2.3 Sensors for Future IoT Development, Some Examples......Page 221
7.2.4 Impedance-Based Sensors......Page 222
7.2.5 Zero-Power Wireless Crack Sensor......Page 227
7.2.6 “Multi-Bit”, Chip-Less Sensor Tag......Page 231
7.2.7 Evolution Towards Distributed Sensing Enabled by WPT......Page 232
7.2.8 RF-Powered Environmentally-Friendly Transponders for Identification and Localization......Page 234
7.2.9 RF-Powered Implantable Sensors for Wireless Prosthesis Control......Page 236
7.2.10 RF-Power Temperature Sensor for Ambient Monitoring......Page 240
7.3.1 The Eco-System......Page 241
7.3.2 The Future Trajectory of IoS......Page 242
7.3.3 Satellite Cluster Vision......Page 244
7.4 Conclusions......Page 245
References......Page 246
8.1 Introduction......Page 252
8.1.1 Backscatter Communication......Page 253
8.1.1.1 High data rate backscatter QAM modulation......Page 256
8.1.1.2 Backscatter QAM with WPT capabilities......Page 262
8.1.1.3 Efficient wireless power transfer system for a moving passive backscatter sensor......Page 264
References......Page 272
9.1 Introduction......Page 274
9.2 Long-Distance Beam-type WPT to Fixed Target......Page 276
9.3 Mid- and Short-Distance Beam-type WPT to Fixed Target......Page 279
9.4 Beam-type WPT to Moving Target......Page 283
9.5 Solar Power Satellite (SPS......Page 288
References......Page 294
PART III - Coexistence of WPT......Page 298
10.1 Introduction......Page 300
10.2 Historical Background on Electromagnetic Fields and Health......Page 301
10.3.1 Overview......Page 302
10.3.2 Epidemiological Studies......Page 304
10.3.3 Animal Experiments......Page 307
10.3.4 Cellular Experiments......Page 309
10.4 WHO and IARC Assessments, and Related Trends......Page 310
10.6 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields and Risk Communication......Page 315
10.7 Conclusion......Page 316
References......Page 317
Chapter 11 - Coexistence of WPT and Wireless LAN in a 2.4-GHz Band......Page 320
11.1 Introduction......Page 321
11.2.1 Experimental Setup for Continuous WPT......Page 322
11.2.2 Measurement Results......Page 323
11.3 Co-Channel Operation of Intermittent WPT and WLAN Data Transmission......Page 324
11.3.2 Estimation of Frame Loss Rate of Co-channel Operation......Page 325
11.3.3.1 Data rate......Page 329
11.3.3.2 Frame loss rate......Page 330
11.4.1 Rate Adaptation Schemes......Page 333
11.4.2 Rate Adaptation Scheme Based on Exposure Assessment Using Rectenna Output......Page 334
11.5 Conclusion......Page 336
References......Page 337
Index......Page 340
About the Editor......Page 344
Back Cover......Page 346