Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Recent Trends in Plant- and Microbe-Based Biopesticide for Sustainable Crop Production and Environmental Security
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biopesticide at a Glance
1.3 Classification of Biopesticides on the Basis of Plant and Microbe Origin
1.3.1 Biopesticides of Plant Origin
1.3.1.1 Plant Pesticides
1.3.1.2 Botanical Biopesticides
1.3.2 Microbe-Based Biopesticides
1.3.2.1 Bacterial Biopesticides
1.3.2.2 Entomopathogenic Fungi as Biopesticide
1.3.2.3 Viral Biopesticides
1.3.2.4 Protozoa as Biopesticide
1.3.2.5 Microscopic Nematodes as Biopesticide
1.3.3 Biochemical Pesticides
1.4 Status of Biopesticides in India
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopesticides
1.5.1 Importance and Advantages
1.5.2 Disadvantages
1.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
2: Microbial Biofertilizers and Biopesticides: NatureΒ΄s Assets Fostering Sustainable Agriculture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbes and Their Metabolites in Plant Growth Promotion
2.2.1 Microbes Supplementing Plant Nutrition
2.2.1.1 Nitrogen
2.2.1.2 Phosphorous
2.2.1.3 Potassium
2.2.2 Microbial Metabolites Regulating Plant Growth
2.2.2.1 Auxins
2.2.2.2 Cytokinins
2.2.2.3 Gibberellins
2.2.2.4 Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) Deaminase
2.3 Microbial Metabolites in Pest Management
2.3.1 Arthropod Management
2.3.2 Disease Management
2.3.3 Nematode Management
2.3.4 Weed Management
2.4 Challenges in Success of Microbial Bioformulation
2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
3: Microbial Factories for Biofuel Production: Current Trends and Future Prospects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Need for Biofuels
3.2.1 To Combat Climate Change
3.2.2 To Build Economic Development
3.2.3 To Provide Energy Security
3.2.4 To Provide Energy Balance
3.2.5 Biofuels Are Biodegradable and Recyclable
3.3 Types of Biofuels
3.3.1 Bioethanol
3.3.2 Biobutanol
3.3.3 Biomethanol
3.3.4 Biodiesel
3.3.5 Biomethane
3.3.6 Biohydrogen
3.3.7 Bioelectricity
3.3.8 Algal Biofuels
3.4 Microbes as Factories for Biofuel Production
3.5 Metabolic Engineering: A Key Technology for Upscaling Microbial Production of Biofuels
3.6 Metabolic Engineering: The Future of Microbial Biofuel Production
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: Industrial Methanogenesis: Biomethane Production from Organic Wastes for Energy Supplementation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methanogens: Diversity, Morphology and Occurrence
4.3 Methanogenesis: Substrate Characteristics
4.4 Methanogenesis: Process Details
4.5 Methanogenesis: Challenges, Solutions and Applications
4.5.1 Substrate Co-digestion
4.5.2 Substrate Pretreatment
4.5.3 Hydrolytic Enzymes
4.5.4 Hydrogen and Methane Co-production
4.5.5 Engineering Eco-Tolerant Microbes
4.6 Methanogenesis: Optimization Strategies
4.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
5: Recent Trends and Advancements in Biosensor Research for Food Safety
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Current Public Health Situational Analysis in Developed and Developing Countries
5.3 Technologies Available for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
5.4 Biosensors for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
5.4.1 Optical Biosensors
5.4.2 Electrochemical Biosensors
5.4.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors
5.4.4 Immunosensors
5.5 Future Prospects
References
6: Bacteriocin: A Potential Biopreservative in Foods
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ecology of Bacteriocins
6.3 Bacteriocins
6.3.1 Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Gram-Positive Bacteria
6.3.2 Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
6.3.3 Bacteriocin of Bacillus
6.3.4 Mode of Action and Structure of Subtilin
6.3.5 Beneficial Role of Bacillus sp.
6.3.6 Categorization of Bacteriocins Produced by Bacillus
6.4 Bacillus as Biopreservative
6.5 Applications of Bacillus Bacteriocins
6.5.1 Applications in Human Health
6.5.2 Applications in Livestock
6.5.3 Applications in Food
6.5.4 Application in Aqua Culture
6.5.5 Applications in Agriculture
6.6 Hurdle Technology in Biopreservative
6.7 Conclusion
References
7: Utilization of Agro-waste in Pectinase Production and Its Industrial Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pectinase Sources and Existence
7.3 Pectinase and Its Substrate
7.3.1 Substrates for Pectinases
7.3.2 Pectin: Structure and Distribution
7.3.3 Pectic Corpuses
7.3.4 Biosynthesis of Pectin and Pectic Substances
7.3.5 Sources of Pectin
7.4 Microbial Pectinase Sources
7.5 Classification of Pectic Enzymes
7.6 Applications of Pectic Enzyme
7.6.1 Bio-scouring and Textile Processing
7.6.2 Plant Bast Fiber Degumming
7.6.3 Wastewater Treatments
7.6.4 Tea and Coffee Fermentation
7.6.5 Paper and Pulp Industry
7.6.6 Animal Feed
7.6.7 Oil Extractions
7.6.8 Industrial Preparation of Microbial Pectinase
7.6.9 Fruit Cordial Preparation
7.6.10 Agricultural Substrate Saccharification Process
7.6.11 Bioleaching of Kraft Pulp
7.6.12 Helps in Purification of Plant Viruses
7.7 Agro-waste for Pectinase Production
7.8 Conclusion
References
8: Gallic Acid (GA): A Multifaceted Biomolecule Transmuting the Biotechnology Era
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Distribution and Occurrence of Gallic Acid in Nature
8.3 Major Dietary Sources of Gallic Acid
8.4 Biosynthesis of Gallic Acid
8.5 Approaches for Gallic Acid Production
8.5.1 Extraction from Plants
8.5.2 Acid/Alkaline Hydrolysis of Gallotannins
8.5.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Tannins
8.6 Scientific Perspectives on Gallic Acid Production
8.7 Gallic Acid Manufacturers Worldwide
8.8 Methods of Detection and Quantification of Gallic Acid
8.8.1 Chromatographic Methods
8.8.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
8.8.3 Gas Chromatography (GC)
8.8.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
8.8.5 Spectroscopic Methods
8.8.6 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
8.9 Applications of Gallic Acid and Its Derivatives
8.10 Patents on Gallic Acid and Its Ester Derivatives
8.11 Final Remarks and Future Outlook
References
9: Role of Metagenomics in Plant Disease Management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Role of Metagenomics in Understanding Microbial Systems and Microbiomes
9.3 Role of Metagenomics in Understanding Plant-Microbial Interactions
9.4 Role of Metagenomics in Phytopathology Studies
9.4.1 Bacterial
9.4.2 Fungal
9.4.3 Viral
9.5 Role of Metagenomics in Plant Disease Diagnostics
9.6 Role of Metagenomics in Isolation of Novel Microbial Species for Disease Control
9.7 Role of Metagenomics to Address Climate Change Problems and Their Influence on Plant Vigour
9.8 Role of Metagenomics for Production of Protective Compounds for Exogenous Applications
9.9 Role of Metagenomics in Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
9.10 Role of Metagenomics for Production of Disease-Resistant GM Crops
9.11 Role of Metagenomics in Plant Disease Forecasting
9.12 Limitations and Challenges
9.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
10: Endophytes as Guardians of Plants Against Diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Endophytes
10.2.1 Bacterial Endophytes
10.2.2 Fungal Endophytes
10.2.2.1 Class I C-Endophytes (Clavicipitaceous Endophyte)
10.2.2.2 Non-clavicipitaceous Endophytes
10.3 Endophytic Associations with Plant
10.3.1 Foliar Endophytes
10.3.2 Rhizosphere Endophytes
10.4 Endophytes as Guardians of Plants Against Biotic Stresses
10.4.1 Defense Against Herbivores
10.4.2 Defense Against Plant Pathogens
10.4.3 Chemical Species Produced by Endophytes in Plant Defense
10.5 Strategies Employed by Endophytes Against Pathogens
10.5.1 Activation of Defense-Related Genes
10.5.2 Growth Promotion for Plant Defense
10.5.3 Defense via Secondary Metabolite Production
10.5.4 Defense Provision Through Altered Nutrients
10.6 Concluding Remarks
References
11: Mass Production and Quality of Biological Control Agents for Pest Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Approach of Biological Control
11.3 Principles as Well as Procedure of Biological Control
11.3.1 Introduction of Bioagents
11.3.1.1 Some Successful Examples
11.3.1.2 Examples of Successful Biological Control in India
11.3.1.3 Pest Resistance Against Bioagents
11.3.2 Colonization of Natural Enemies
11.3.2.1 Assessment of Natural Enemies
11.3.3 Augmentation
11.3.3.1 Scientific Base for Augmentation
11.3.4 Conservation of Bioagents
11.3.4.1 Rationalized Use of Pesticides
11.3.4.2 Provide Food and Shelter
11.3.4.3 Effective Management Practices
11.3.4.4 Impact of Plant Types on Bioagents
11.4 Mass Production Techniques of Effective Parasitoid
11.4.1 Mass-Rearing Procedure of Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma Species
11.4.2 Mass-Rearing Procedure of Larval Parasitoids, Bracon hebetor and B. brevicornis
11.4.3 Mass-Rearing Procedure of Larval Parasitoids, Chelonus blackburni
11.4.4 Mass-Rearing Procedure of Pupal Parasitoids, Tetrastichus israeli and Trichospilus pupivora
11.5 Mass-Rearing Procedure of Effective Predators
11.5.1 Mass Rearing of Ladybird Beetle, Coccinella septempunctata
11.5.2 Mass Rearing of Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri Mulsant
11.5.3 Mass Rearing of Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)
11.6 Classical Biological Control of Weeds
11.6.1 Advisable Characters of Weed Killer Insect
11.7 Future Scope of Biological Control in Pest Management
11.8 Conclusion
References
12: Iron Chlorosis in Peach and Its Eco-Friendly Management: An Outlook
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Iron Fixation in Calcareous Soil
12.3 Mechanism for Iron Uptake in Higher Plants
12.3.1 Plant Strategies for Iron Uptake
12.3.2 Organisms Intervened Iron Uptake
12.4 Markers for Advance Detection of Fe Chlorosis
12.5 Physiological Markers
12.6 Molecular Markers
12.7 Chlorosis Control Measures in Peach
12.7.1 Index Tissue
12.7.2 Exogenous Application of Iron Sources
12.8 Future Lines of Research
12.8.1 Bioremediation
12.8.2 Application of Nano-Fertilizers
12.8.3 Rootstock Breeding and Transgenic Technology
12.9 Conclusion
References
13: Role of Microbes in Plastic Degradation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biodegradation of Polymers
13.2.1 Mechanism and Pathways Involved in Polymer Degradation by Fungus
13.2.2 Degradation of Polymeric Wastes by Bacteria
13.2.3 Factors Affecting Degradation of Polymers
13.3 Involvement of Enzymes Secreted by Microorganisms in Biodegradation Process of Polymer Wastes
13.4 Toxicity of Polymers and Their Degraded Products
13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
14: Bioplastics: Fundamentals to Application
14.1 Introduction
14.2 PHA Inclusions
14.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthase
14.2.2 PHA Depolymerase
14.2.3 Phasins (PhaP)
14.3 Characterization of PHAs
14.4 Biosynthesis of PHAs
14.4.1 Molecular Understanding of PHA Synthesis
14.5 Production of PHA
14.5.1 PHA Production in Microbes
14.5.2 Fermentation Process
14.5.3 PHA Production through Recombinant DNA Technology
14.5.4 PHA in Plants
14.5.5 PHA Production from Waste Substrates
14.5.5.1 Production from Plant Waste
14.5.5.2 Production from Biological Waste
14.5.5.3 Production from Activated Sludge
14.5.5.4 Production from Wastewater
14.6 Recovery of PHAs
14.7 Biodegradation of PHA
14.8 Applications of PHAs
14.9 Conclusions
References
15: Microbial Electrochemical Dye Degradation: Present State of Art
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Problems Associated with Azo Dye Disposing
15.3 Industries Associated with Dyes
15.3.1 Conventional Way of Wastewater Treatment Containing Dye
15.3.1.1 Physical Methods
Adsorption
Reverse Osmosis
Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration
Microfiltration
15.3.1.2 Chemical Method
Electrocoagulation
Coagulation Flocculation Sedimentation
Flotation
Electrochemical Oxidation
Ozone Oxidation
Photo Catalytic Degradation
15.3.1.3 Biological Method
15.3.2 Mechanism of Dye Degradation with Aerobic Bacteria
15.3.2.1 Mechanism of Azo Dye Reduction
Chemical Azo Dye Reduction
Aerobic Treatment on Aromatic Amines
15.4 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)
15.4.1 MFC Components
15.4.2 Mechanism for MFCΒ΄s Working
15.4.2.1 Single-Chamber MFC
15.4.2.2 Dual Chamber MFC
15.4.3 Mode of Action of Dye Degradation Using Microorganisms in MFC
15.4.4 Advantages of MFC
15.4.5 MFC Performance
15.4.5.1 Physical Parameters
Electrode Materials
Anode Materials
Non-carbon Anode Material
Anode Surface Modifier
Cathode Material
Cathode Surface Area
Cathodic Electron Acceptor (EA)
Cathode Catalyst
Operating Condition in the Cathode Chamber
Separators
15.4.5.2 Process Parameters
Substrate Type
Substrate Concentration
Organic Loading Rate
Inoculum
Pure Culture
Mixed Culture
External Resistance
15.4.6 Evaluation of Performance of MFC Components
15.4.6.1 Evaluation of Anode Performance
15.4.6.2 Evaluation of Cathode Performance
15.4.7 MFC Reactor Configuration
15.4.7.1 Double-Chambered MFCs
15.4.7.2 Single-Chambered MFCs
15.4.7.3 MFCs with Multielectrode System
15.4.7.4 Stacked MFCs
15.5 Case Studies of Simultaneous Azo Dye Removal and Electricity Generation
15.5.1 Cationic Dyes
15.5.2 Anionic Dyes
15.6 Challenges in MFC Operation for Dye Degradation
15.7 Conclusion
References
16: Psychrophiles as the Source for Potential Industrial Psychrozymes
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Briefing of the Initial Exploration of Psychrophiles
16.3 Strategy for Cryo-Defense by Psychrophilic Bacteria
16.3.1 Cold Acclimation Proteins and Antifreeze Proteins
16.3.1.1 Concept of Cold-Active Biocatalyst at Low Temperatures
16.3.2 Structural Adaptation of the Psychrozymes
16.3.3 Residual Sequences of Cold-Adapted Enzymes
16.3.4 Cold-Adapted Enzyme from Marine Psychrophilic Microorganisms
16.4 Application of Cold-Active Enzymes from Marine Psychrophilic
16.5 Conclusion and Future Aspect
References
17: Transcriptional Regulators in Bacillus anthracis: A Potent Biothreat Agent
17.1 Introduction
17.2 A Brief Description of Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax
17.3 Bacterial Transcriptional Regulators
17.4 The Pleiotropic Regulator CodY in B. anthracis
17.4.1 Metabolism
17.4.2 Sporulation
17.4.3 Virulence
17.5 Structure of CodY of B. anthracis and its Interaction with GTP
17.6 Conclusions
References
18: Medicinal Fungi: A Natural Source of Pharmacologically Important Metabolites
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Medicinal Important Fungi
18.2.1 Ganoderma lucidum
18.2.2 Inonotus obliquus
18.2.3 Cordyceps
18.2.4 Phellinus
18.2.5 Xylaria
18.3 Conclusion
References
19: Biochemical Aspects of Syngas Fermentation
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Advantages with Syngas Fermentation
19.2 Raw Materials for Syngas Fermentation
19.3 Microorganisms
19.3.1 Genetically Engineered Bacteria
19.4 Biochemical Pathway for Syngas Fermentation
19.5 Bioreactor Design and Configuration for Syngas Fermentation
19.5.1 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR)
19.5.2 Bubble Column Reactors
19.5.3 Fixed Bed Gasification System
19.5.4 Fluidized Bed Gasification System
19.5.5 Hollow Fibre Membrane
19.5.6 Trickle Bed Reactors
19.5.7 Others
19.6 Factors Affecting Syngas Fermentation
19.6.1 Nutrient Media and Metal Cofactors
19.6.2 Type of Microorganisms
19.6.3 Temperature
19.6.4 pH
19.6.5 Bioreactor Configuration
19.6.6 Mass Transfer Rate
19.6.7 Inhibitory Compounds
19.7 Potential Products and Its Yield
19.7.1 Acetate
19.7.2 Ethanol
19.7.3 2, 3-Butanediol
19.7.4 Butanol
19.7.5 Hydrogen
19.7.6 Methane
19.7.7 Others
19.8 Bottleneck During Syngas Fermentation
19.9 Conclusion
References
20: Marine Actinobacteria: New Horizons in Bioremediation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Global and Indian Scenario of Actinobacteria-Mediated Remediation
20.3 Strategies for Bioremediation
20.3.1 Applications of the Defined Mixed Cultures
20.3.2 Cell and Enzyme Immobilization
20.3.3 Actinobacterial Biosurfactants and Bioremediation
20.3.4 Bioremediation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
20.3.5 Marine Actinomycetes in Bioremediation
20.4 Factors Influencing the Bioremediation
20.4.1 Bio-accessibility of Pollutants
20.4.2 Extent of Aerobic Conditions
20.4.3 Toxicity of the Pollutants
20.4.4 pH of the Surrounding
20.4.5 Microbial Distinctness
20.5 Methods for the Evaluating the Bioremediation
References
Index