Recent Advances in Metrology: Select Proceedings of AdMet 2021 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 906)

✍ Scribed by Sanjay Yadav (editor), K.P. Chaudhary (editor), Ajay Gahlot (editor), Yogendra Arya (editor), Aman Dahiya (editor), Naveen Garg (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 376
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book presents the select proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Advances in Metrology (AdMet 2021) organized by Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. The main theme of the conference was "Sensors and Advance Materials for Measurement and Quality Improvement". The book highlights and discusses the technological developments in the areas of sensor technology, measurement, advance material for industrial application, automation and quality control. This book is aimed for all the personnel engaged in conformity assessment, quality system management, calibration and testing in all sectors of industry. The book will be a valuable reference for metrologists, scientists, engineers, academicians and students from research institutes and industrial establishments to explore the future directions in the areas of sensors, advance materials, measurement and quality improvement.

✦ Table of Contents

Organization
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Energy Harvesting and Health Tracking Using Smart Shoe
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Accelerometer
2.2 Load Cell
2.3 Hall Sensor
2.4 Piezoelectric Discs
3 System Model
3.1 Health Tracking Unit
3.2 Emergency Alert Unit
3.3 Energy Harvesting, Storing and Supplying Unit
3.4 Companion Android Application
4 Flowchart for Microcontroller Programme
5 Results
6 Conclusion
References
Uncertainty Evaluation Through Monte Carlo Simulation for Flatness Measurement of Optical Flats
1 Introduction
2 Measurement Arrangement and Procedure
3 Result and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Internet of Things and Cognitive Radio Networks: Applications, Challenges and Future
1 Introduction
2 Literature Survey
3 Motivations for Using CR in IoT
4 CR-based IoT Applications
4.1 Health Care
4.2 In-home Applications
4.3 Smart Grid
4.4 Smart Cities
5 Issues Associated with CR-based IoT
6 Spectrum-related Functions
7 Standardisation Activities and Challenges
8 Conclusion
References
Carbon Nanotubes-Based Biosensors
1 General Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
2 Some Common Methods to Synthesize Carbon Nanotubes
3 CNTs-Based Biosensors
4 Classification of Biosensors
4.1 Chemical Biosensors
4.2 Physical Biosensors
5 Limitations of CNT-Based Biosensors
6 Conclusion
References
Design and Analysis of Lever Type Chainless Drive Mechanism of a Bicycle
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition of Bicycle
1.2 Design of Chainless Drive Mechanism of a Bicycle
2 Methodology
2.1 Design Process
2.2 Design Criteria
2.3 Simulation
3 Results
3.1 Calculations
3.2 Stress and Strain Analysis of Components
4 Conclusion
References
A Review of Implantable Antenna for Biomedical Applications: Challenges and Solutions
1 Introduction
2 Design Requirement
2.1 Miniaturization
2.2 Biocompatibility
2.3 Safety Consideration
2.4 Communication Link Ability
3 Antenna Measurement and Testing
4 Conclusion
References
Stability Evaluation of the Reference Standard PMU at CSIR-NPL
1 Introduction
2 PMU Calibration/Test Setup
3 Measurement Parameters
4 Test Results
5 Conclusion
References
Optimization of Electron Glass at Zero Disorder Using Rejection-Free Kinetic Monte Carlo Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Rejection-Free Kinetic Monte Carlo Algorithm
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
Development of Narrow Size Distribution Silver Nanoparticles as Standard Reference Material/Bhartiya Nideshak Dravay for TEM/HRTEM and Particle Size Analyzer Instruments
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Measurements
2.1 Synthesis of Ag Nps
2.2 Measurements
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Establishment of Metrological Traceability of AC Resistance Using Electrical Equivalent Circuit at CSIR-NPL
1 Introduction
2 AC Resistance
2.1 High-Value AC Resistance
2.2 Low-Value AC Resistance
3 Measurement Setup and Observations
3.1 Measurement Procedure
3.2 Measurement Results
4 Conclusion and Summary
References
Calibration of Pentaprism and Its Uncertainty Evaluation at NPL, India
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
3 Measurement
4 Analysis of Results
5 Uncertainty Estimation
6 Conclusion
References
Fuzzy-Based MPPT Controlled 3Z Boost Converter for PV Applications
1 Introduction
1.1 PV Cell Characteristics—An Overview
1.2 DC-DC Converters
1.3 Interleaved Step-Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Cell
2 Simulation Results
3 Hardware Description
4 Conclusion
References
Real-Time Realization and Validation of LabVIEW-Based Automation Program for AC–DC Voltage and Current Measurements of AC Calibrators
1 Introduction
2 Calibration of Alternating Voltage/Current Sources
3 Measurement Procedure
4 Traceability
5 Programming Software
6 Instrument Connection/Control
7 Results with Uncertainty Calculation
8 Conclusion
References
Biomedical Signal Processing: ECG Signal Analysis Using Machine Learning in MATLAB
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Contextual Information
2.2 Types of Arrhythmia
2.3 About Data Set
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Feature Collection
3.2 Learning Algorithms
3.3 Evaluation Metric: Confusion Matrix
4 Conclusion
References
Study of DC Sputtered Undoped NiO Thin Films
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Section
3 Results
3.1 Morphological Studies
4 UV–Visible
4.1 Optical Studies
5 Electrical Measurements
5.1 I–V Characteristics
6 Conclusion
References
A Review on Sources of Uncertainty in Thermal Conductivity Measurement for Thermal Transport Metrology
1 Introduction
2 Estimation of Thermal Conductivity
2.1 Laser Flash Apparatus Setup for Measuring Thermal Diffusivity
2.2 Types of Uncertainty in Thermal Diffusivity Measurement by Laser Flash Apparatus
2.3 Uncertainty Components
2.4 Error in Heat Capacity (Cp)
2.5 Errors in Density Measurement
2.6 Recent Research in the Thermal Conductivity Metrology
3 Conclusion
References
Error Analysis in Measurement of Electrical Conductivity
1 Introduction
2 Electrical Conductivity
3 Measurement Techniques Used for Different Shape of the Materials
3.1 For Thin and Uniform Wire
3.2 Measurement of Regular Geometric Shape Sample
3.3 Measurement of Regular Geometric Shape Sample in Bar Shaped as Further Modification (Four-Probe Technique)
3.4 Measurement of Irregular Geometric Shaped Sample (Vander Pauw Method)
4 Precautions Needed for Sample Preparation
5 Factors Causing Uncertainty in Electrical Conductivity Measurement
6 Conclusion
References
Errors in Measurement of Magnetic Field and Magnetic Moment with its Associated Uncertainty
1 Introduction
2 Realization of Unit of Magnetic Flux Density
3 Measurements of Magnetic Moment
4 Conclusion
References
Generation of Tunable Perfect Vortex Beam by Varying Focus of Axicon-Lens Assembly
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Study of PV Beams
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
A Brief Discussion on GMR and TMR Effect and Importance of Metrology for Accurate Measurements of Its Parameters
1 Introduction
2 Crystal Structure and Atomic Ordering of Full-Heusler
3 Application of Heusler Alloys for Spintronic Devices
3.1 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
4 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance
5 Conclusion
References
Indian Standard Time Synchronization Via NTP Server Over Different Networks
1 Introduction
2 Measurement System
3 Measurement Configurations
3.1 Free Running NTP Server
3.2 Startum1 NTP Server
3.3 Direct Connection Via Crossover Cable
3.4 Hybrid Connection Via Crossover Cable and Optical Fibers
3.5 Wide Area Network (WAN) Connection Via Various Network Elements
4 Measurement Results
4.1 Free Running NTP Server Measurement Result
4.2 Stratum1 NTP Server Measurement Result
4.3 Direct Connection Via Crossover Cable Measurement Result
4.4 Hybrid Connection Via Crossover Cable and Optical Fibers Measurement Result
4.5 Wide Area Network (WAN) Connection Via Various Network Elements Measurement Result
5 Conclusion
References
Recent Developments in Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors and Their Applications in Different Areas
1 Introduction
2 Recent Advancements in SAW Sensors
3 Applications of SAW Sensors
4 Conclusion
References
An Adaptive Color Image Watermarking Scheme Using Combination of PSO-LTSVR in Wavelet Domain for Copyright Protection
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
2.1 DWT
2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
2.3 Lagrangian Twin Support Vector Regressions (LTSVR)
3 Proposed Approach
3.1 Watermark Embedding Procedure
3.2 Watermark Extraction Procedure
4 Experimental Results and Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
Study of Electromagnetic Induced Transparency and Its Dependence on Probe Decay for Cascade and Lambda Models
1 Introduction
2 Models
2.1 Cascade Model
3 Numerical Results
4 Conclusion
References
Reliability Measurement of Complex Industrial Redundant Systems Using Semi-Markov Process and Regenerative Point Technique
1 Introduction
2 Notations
3 Transition Probabilities and Mean Sojourn Times
4 Reliability and MTSF
5 Availability Analysis
6 Analysis of Busy Period of Servers
7 Analysis of Numbers of Repairs and Replacements of the Failed Unit
8 Revenue Attainment
9 Case Study
10 Conclusion
References
Comparison of Different Feature Selection Approaches on Breast Cancer Dataset
1 Introduction
1.1 About the Dataset
1.2 Distribution of Variables
2 Data Preprocessing
2.1 Feature Selection Using Domain Knowledge and Correlation Matrix
2.2 Feature Selection Using Exhaustive Search
2.3 Feature Selection Using Boruta
2.4 Code Used for Feature Selection
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Double-Layer Secured Automatic Home Access System with Gas Detector Sensor Using Raspberry Pi and Python
1 Introduction
2 Design of Proposed System
3 Implementation and Results
4 Conclusion
References
FIR Filter Design Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Problem Formulation
3 Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm
4 Result Analysis
4.1 Low Pass Filter
4.2 High Pass Filter
5 Conclusion
References
Optimization of Flux for Bead Geometry and Weld Dilution in SAW Using Gray Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Saw Fluxes
3 Bead Width
4 Weld Penetration
5 Weld Dilution
6 Agglomerated Fluxes
7 Optimization and Flux Formulation
8 Experimental Procedure
9 Gray Relational Analysis
10 Conclusion(s)
References
Uncertainty Estimation for Liquid Dielectric Measurements Using Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Method
1 Introduction
1.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Method
1.2 Calibration of DAK System, DAK Probe, and Further Validation
2 Uncertainty Evaluation for Dielectric Measurement
2.1 Uncertainty Components Identification and Evaluation
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Measurement of Dielectric Properties for TELs Using DAK System
3.2 Uncertainty Evaluation
4 Conclusion
References
Biosensors: Remediation Tool for Indoor Air Pollution
1 Introduction
2 Indoor Sources and Health Effects
3 Biosensors for Detection of Various Indoor Air Pollutants
3.1 Whole-Cell Sensors
3.2 Enzyme-Based Sensors
3.3 Protein-Based Sensors
3.4 Piezoelectric Sensor
3.5 Electrochemical Biosensors
3.6 Optical Biosensor
4 Application of Biosensors in Other Environmental Monitoring Fields
5 Conclusion
References
Steering Algorithm for Generation of a Stable Time Scale
1 Introduction
1.1 Clock Prediction Model
1.2 Kalman Filter Formulation in Atomic Clock
1.3 Linear Quadratic Gaussian Formulation for Steering of Atomic Clock
2 Hardware Architecture
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
The Effect of Dust Charge Fluctuations on Modulational Instability of a Electrostatic Wave in a Complex Plasma
1 Introduction
2 Instability Analysis
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusion
References
A Comprehensive Survey on Different Routing Protocols and Challenges in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
1 Introduction
2 Characteristic of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
2.1 Node Mobility and Three-Dimensional Architecture
2.2 Speed and Propagation Delay
2.3 Bandwidth Limitation
2.4 Noise in Underwater Sensor Network
2.5 Energy Consumption
3 Existing Routing Protocols in Literature
3.1 E2MR
3.2 Distance Vector-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol
3.3 Radius-Based Courier Node Routing Protocol
3.4 Evolutionary Routing Protocol
3.5 Latency-Aware Routing Protocol
3.6 Gedar
4 Conclusion
References
Substrate Integrated Waveguides Analysis for Different Dielectric Materials—A Comprehensive Survey
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Substrate Integrated Waveguide
3.1 Overview
3.2 Geometry
3.3 Principle of Operation
4 Design Equations
5 Design Structure of SIW
6 Results and Its Comparison
6.1 Silicon Dielectric Material on SIW
6.2 PMMA Dielectric Material on SIW
6.3 Glass Fiber Dielectric Material on SIW
6.4 Mica Dielectric Material on SIW
6.5 Comparison of Different Dielectric Materials on SIW
7 Conclusion
References
Significance and Implications of Noise Mapping for Noise Pollution Control
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Noise Control Action Plans
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Electrical Properties of PU/CdS Nanocomposites
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
IoT-Enabled Sensor Node for Environmental Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 System Design
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Review and Metrological Evolution of Primary Pressure Standard
1 Introduction
2 A Historical Take on DWT
3 Deadweight Tester and Working Principles
4 Invention Summary
5 Contemporary Techniques and Different Type of Assembly
6 Differential Pressure
7 Conclusion
References
Prospects of Digitalizing Dimensional Metrology
1 Introduction
2 Digitalizing the Calibration Results
3 Dimensional Metrology
4 Digitalizing Dimensional Measurements
4.1 Data Structure for Dimensional Measurement
5 Conclusion
References