PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Editor biographies
Dr Anoop Chandran, MSc, PhD
Professor N V Unnikrishnan (MSc, PhD)
Prof. M K Jayaraj (MSc, PhD)
Dr Reenu Elizabeth John (MSc, MPhil, PhD)
Mr Justin George (MSc)
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Graphene: an introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Atomic and electronic structure of graphene
1.3 Properties of graphene
1.3.1 Optical properties
1.3.2 Mechanical properties
1.3.3 Electronic properties
1.3.4 Ferromagnetism in graphene
1.4 Pristine graphene
1.5 Characterization of graphene
1.5.1 Atomic force microscopy of graphene
1.5.2 Raman spectroscopy of graphene
1.5.3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) of graphene
1.5.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of graphene
1.5.5 Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) of graphene
1.5.6 Electron microscopy of graphene (SEM, TEM, HRTEM)
1.6 Defects in graphene
1.7 Conclusions
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Synthesis methods of graphene
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Top-down approach
2.2.1 Exfoliation and cleavage
2.2.2 Chemical synthesis: reduction from graphene oxide
2.2.3 Unzipping of carbon nanotubes
2.3 Bottom-up approach
2.3.1 Chemical vapour deposition
2.3.2 Epitaxial growth on silicon carbide
2.3.3 Pyrolysis
2.3.4 Rapid thermal annealing
2.3.5 Flash Joule heating
2.4 Challenges and the way ahead
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Forms of graphene Iโgraphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis
3.2.1 GO synthesis
3.2.2 Modifications in GO synthesis
3.2.3 rGO synthesis
3.3 Functionalization of GO and rGO
3.4 Physical and chemical properties
3.4.1 Structure
3.4.2 Dispersibility
3.4.3 Electrical conductivity
3.4.4 Electrochemical properties
3.4.5 Optical properties
3.4.6 Magnetic properties
3.4.7 Mechanical properties
3.5 Characterization
3.6 Applications
3.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Forms of graphene II: graphene quantum dots: properties, preparation and applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties of graphene quantum dots
4.2.1 Structural properties
4.2.2 Optical properties
4.2.3 Electronic properties
4.3 Synthesis
4.3.1 Top-down strategy
4.3.2 Bottom-up strategy
4.4 Applications
4.4.1 Energy related applications
4.4.2 Biomedical applications
4.4.3 Environmental applications
4.5 Conclusions
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Forms of graphene III: graphene nano-ribbons: preparation, assessments, and shock absorption applications
5.1 Introduction and survey: blast and shock
5.2 Dynamic mechanical analysis
5.3 Fractographic analysis
5.4 Raman spectroscopic studies
5.5 Signal processing investigations: pressure impulse interaction with GNR
5.6 Conclusions
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Forms of graphene IVโfunctionalized graphene
6.1 Brief introduction of functionalized graphene
6.2 Energy applications of functionalized graphene
6.2.1 Energy storage applications
6.2.2 Energy conversion applications
6.3 Biomedical applications of functionalized graphene
6.3.1 Cytotoxicity of graphene-based materials
6.3.2 Scaffolds for tissue engineering
6.3.3 Scaffolds for neural tissue engineering
6.4 Graphene-based materials for growth factor proteins delivery
6.5 Conclusions
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Applications of graphene in electronics: graphene field effect transistors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The carrier statistics and quantum capacitance
7.2.1 The electrostatics: undoped pristine graphene
7.2.2 The electrostatics: B-substitution doped graphene
7.2.3 The electrostatics: N-substitution doped graphene
7.3 Electronic transport properties
7.3.1 Interaction parameter
7.3.2 Mobility
7.4 Modeling of monolayer GFETs
7.4.1 The extensive drain current model for GFETs
7.4.2 Metal insulatorโgraphene (MIG) equivalent circuit
7.4.3 Self-consistent model
7.4.4 Model validation
7.4.5 Characteristics of GFETs
7.5 Static linearity and nonlinearity analysis of GFETs
7.5.1 Modeling of VN for doped GFETs
7.5.2 Verilog-A implementation of GFETs
7.5.3 Static nonlinearity transconductance model
7.5.4 Harmonic and intermodulation distortions
7.5.5 Gain compression and input intercept points
7.5.6 Simulation setup
7.6 Conclusions and future prospects
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Applications of graphene in electronics: graphene for energy storage applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Properties of graphene
8.2.1 Physical properties
8.2.2 Electrical properties
8.2.3 Chemical properties
8.3 Graphene in metal-ion batteries
8.3.1 Lithium-ion batteries
8.3.2 Sodium-ion batteries
8.4 Metalโair batteries
8.4.1 Lithiumโair batteries
8.4.2 Zincโair batteries
8.5 Supercapacitors
8.6 Conclusions
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: nonlinear optical properties of graphene and its applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nonlinear optical properties of graphene-based materials
9.2.1 Metals/graphene-based nanomaterials
9.2.2 Graphene-based nanomaterials dispersed in various solvents
9.2.3 Thin films of graphene-based nanomaterials
9.2.4 2D nanomaterials/graphene-based nanomaterials
9.3 Conclusions
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: Applications of graphene in surface-enhanced Raman scattering
10.1 Introduction to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
10.2 Enhancement mechanism
10.2.1 The electromagnetic enhancement mechanisms
10.2.2 The chemical enhancement mechanism
10.3 Qualitative analysis of SERS substrate
10.4 Applications of SERS
10.5 Graphene-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
10.5.1 Raman spectroscopy of graphene
10.5.2 Graphene as a probe
10.5.3 Graphene as SERS substrate
10.5.4 Grapheneโmetal hybrid SERS substrate
10.6 Conclusions
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: applications of graphene in solar cells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Working principle of a solar cell
11.3 Types of solar cells
11.4 Graphene applications in photovoltaic devices
11.4.1 Transparent conducting anode
11.4.2 Transparent conducting cathode (TCC)
11.4.3 Catalytic counter electrodes (CCEs)
11.4.4 Active layer
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: graphene-based transparent conducting electrodes for LED/OLED
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metrics of transparent conducting electrodes
12.2.1 Optoelectronic property
12.2.2 Figure of merit (FoM)
12.3 Fabrication of graphene-based transparent conducting electrodes
12.3.1 CVD-grown graphene TCEs
12.4 Solution-processed graphene derivative-based TCEs
12.5 Doped and layered graphene TCEs
12.6 Graphene-based hybrid transparent conducting electrodes
12.6.1 Hybrid TCEs of graphene with metal oxides and ultrathin metals
12.6.2 Hybrid TCEs of graphene with conducting polymers and metal nanostructures
12.6.3 Hybrid TCEs of graphene with carbon materials
12.7 LEDs and OLEDs with graphene-based TCEs
12.8 Summary and prospects
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Graphene-based sensors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Graphene-based chemiresistive sensor
13.3 Graphene-based strain sensor
13.4 Graphene-based electrochemical sensor
13.5 Graphene-based optical sensors
13.6 Conclusions
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Graphene-based biosensors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrical biosensors
14.2.1 Electrical biosensors: types and characteristics
14.2.2 Graphene-based electrical biosensors: applications
14.3 Optical biosensors
14.3.1 Optical biosensors: types and characteristics
14.3.2 Graphene-based optical biosensors: applications
14.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Graphene membranes and coatings
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Graphene membranes
15.2.1 Graphene membranes and graphene-based membranes
15.2.2 Synthesis of membranes
15.2.3 Use of graphene as a membrane
15.2.4 Applications
15.3 Graphene coatings
15.3.1 Coating techniques
15.3.2 Applications and advancements
15.4 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
CH016.pdf
Chapter 16 Magnetism in graphene
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Theoretical background
16.3 Magnetism due to sublattice inequality
16.3.1 Vacancy defects
16.3.2 Grain boundary
16.3.3 Elemental substitution
16.4 Magnetism from nanographene edge
16.4.1 Graphene nanoribbons
16.4.2 Graphene nanoflakes
16.5 Doping induced magnetism in graphene
16.6 Proximity-induced magnetism in graphene
16.7 Magnetism in other two-dimensional materials
16.7.1 Magnetism in two-dimensional p-electron systems
16.7.2 Magnetism in two-dimensional d-electron systems
16.7.3 Two-dimensional van der Waals magnets
16.8 Summary and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
CH017.pdf
Chapter 17 Graphene metamaterials
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Metamaterials
17.2.1 Fabrication
17.2.2 Design
17.2.3 Characterization
17.3 Graphene
17.3.1 Tunability via electrical bias
17.3.2 Tunability via photodoping
17.4 Application of graphene-based metamaterials
17.4.1 Imaging
17.4.2 Communication
17.4.3 Sensing
17.5 Conclusions
References
CH018.pdf
Chapter 18 The way ahead for graphene-based technologies
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Global research initiatives
18.3 Graphene-based products in the market
18.4 Prospective applications and deadlocks
18.4.1 2D materials in composites and additives
18.4.2 Barriers and coatings
18.4.3 Membranes for separations and water treatment
18.4.4 Photocatalytic applications
18.4.5 Beyond CMOS and spintronics applications
18.4.6 Biomedical applications
18.5 Standardization problems and new recommendations
18.6 A roadmap for GRM technology
References