Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Water Resources and Water Quality
Recent Advances in Water Quality, Soil Pollution, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Carbon Neutrality: Seeking Environmental Sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Recent Research Advances in Water Quality
3 Recent Research Advances in Soil Pollution
4 Recent Research Advances in Disaster Risk Reduction
5 Recent Research Advances in Carbon Neutrality
6 Final Words
References
Investigation of Helium Isotopes in Groundwater of Kuwait Group and Dammam Formation Aquifers of Kuwait
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogeology
3 Analytical Methods
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Hydrochemistry and Water Quality Assessment in Labuan Island, Malaysia
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Geology of the Area
2.2 Land Use Pattern
2.3 Hydrogeology
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Sampling and Data Acquisition
3.2 Measurement Techniques
3.3 Water Quality Index (WQI)
3.4 Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI)
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Hydrochemical Characteristics
4.2 Hydrogeochemical Processes
4.3 Assessment of Water Quality
5 Conclusions
References
Prediction of Groundwater Arsenic Risk in the Alluvial Plain of the Lower Yellow River by Ensemble Learning, North China
1 Introduction
2 Research Methods
2.1 Overview of the Study Area
2.2 Selection and Processing of Environmental Variables
2.3 Model Construction and Verification
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Statistics and Distribution Characteristics of Arsenic Concentration in Groundwater
3.2 Distribution Characteristics of High Arsenic in Groundwater
3.3 Analysis of Driving Factors
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Geochemistry and Isotope Hydrogeology of the Maracaibo Aquifer System (Venezuela) and Its Implications for Urban Water Supply
1 Introduction
2 Maracaibo City
3 Hydrogeology of Maracaibo
4 Drinking Water Service in Maracaibo
5 Water Supply Resources in Maracaibo
6 Groundwater and Drinking Water Quality in Maracaibo
7 Groundwater Origin in the Maracaibo Aquifer
8 Conclusions and Recommendations for Sustainable Groundwater Management
References
Hydrochemistry and Water Quality for Lakes Supplied by Water Replenishment in Arid Regions of China
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Sample Collection and Analysis
3.2 Irrigation Water Quality Assessment
4 Results
4.1 Major Ions in Lake Water
4.2 Nutrient Element Variation
4.3 Source Identification and Apportionment
4.4 Irrigation Water Assessment
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Hydrogeochemical Evaluation and Suitability of Groundwater Quality in an Agricultural Region of Luvuvhu Catchment, South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Study Area
3 Groundwater Sampling and Analysis
3.1 Irrigational Quality Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Water Quality
5 Conclusion
References
Climate Change and Extreme Weather
Flood Risk, Food Security and Vulnerability in Two Disparate Communities of the Klein Brak Estuary Floodplain, Western Cape, South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Food Security Indicators: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)
3.2 Key Informant (KI) Interviews
3.3 Data Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Sociodemographic Attributes
4.2 Livelihood SecurityâEmployment and Occupation
4.3 Food Security
4.4 Trends in Temporary Food Insecurity
4.5 Historical Flood Experience
5 Discussion
5.1 Sociodemographic/Economic Attributes
5.2 Access to Amenities
5.3 Livelihood Security
5.4 Food Security
5.5 Historical Flood Experiences
6 Conclusion
References
Heavy Rainfall Resulting from Extreme Weather Disturbances in Eastern Coastal Parts of South Africa: 11 April 2022
1 Introduction
2 Methodology and Data Collection
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Rainfall/Precipitation Observation
3.2 Weather Chart Analysis During the Flood Event
4 Observation of Potential Vorticity
5 An Abnormal Weather Pattern Analysis During the Flood Event
6 Upper Tropospheric Zonal, Meridional and Wind Vector Means and Anomalies
7 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Variation
8 Stratospheric Polar Vortex Anomalies
9 Summary and Conclusions
References
Sustainable Groundwater Management Under Global Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation Measures
1 Introduction
2 Understanding Climate Change and Groundwater Interactions
2.1 Climate Change Impacts on Precipitation and Evapotranspiration
2.2 Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions under Climate Change
2.3 Climate Change and Groundwater Recharge
2.4 Climate Change and Groundwater Quality
3 Assessment and Monitoring of the Effects of Climate Change
4 Sustainable Groundwater Management Strategies
4.1 Integrated Water Resources Management
4.2 Groundwater Management Plans
4.3 Groundwater Banking and Aquifer Recharge
4.4 Groundwater Trading and Market-based Approaches
5 Adaptive Groundwater Management Under Climate Change
5.1 Community-Based Adaptation Strategies
5.2 Climate-resilient Infrastructure for Groundwater Management
5.3 Capacity Building and Knowledge Management
5.4 Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices and Groundwater Management
6 Case Studies and Best Practices of Groundwater Management
6.1 Arid and Semiarid Regions
6.2 Coastal Aquifers
6.3 Irrigated Agriculture
6.4 Urban Areas
7 Conclusion
7.1 Summary of Key Findings
7.2 Future Directions for Sustainable Groundwater Management Under Climate Change
7.3 Recommendations for Effective Implementation
References
Air Quality and Air Pollution
Atmospheric Changes and Ozone Increase in Mexico City During 2020: Recommended Remedial Measures
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Geographical Information of the Study Area
2.2 Meteorological Settings
2.3 Pollutant Data Collection
2.4 Satellite-Borne Data
2.5 Mexican Legislatures for Air Quality
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Air Pollutants in Mexico City
3.2 Role of Wind in Transporting Pollutants
3.3 Role of Temperature in the Distribution of Pollutants
3.4 Changes in Vehicle and Industrial Emission Inventories
4 Statistical Information
5 Comparative Studies
6 Remedial Measures for Reducing Air Pollution
7 Conclusion
References
A Review on Particulate Matter Study in Atmospheric Samples of Mexico: Focus on Presence, Sources and Health
1 Introduction
2 PM Research in Mexico: Overview
3 Relevant Findings on PM Pollution in Mexico
4 Regulation of PM Pollution in Mexico
5 Main Sources of PM Pollution in Mexico
5.1 Mining Information
5.2 Transport Information
5.3 Wind Information
5.4 Industry Information
6 Health-Related Issues in Mexico
6.1 Cardiovascular Problems and PM Pollution
6.2 Alzheimerâs Disease and PM Pollution
6.3 Diabetes Association with PM
6.4 Pregnancy-Related Affectations
6.5 Other Health-Related Problems
7 Conclusions
References
TROPOMI Utilized for the Monitoring of Emissions on Major Road Networks: A Case Study in South Africa During the COVID-19 Lockdown
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 South African Lockdown Levels
2.2 Study Area
2.3 Instrument
3 Results
3.1 Road Emissions During South African Lockdown Levels
3.2 CO and NO2 Distribution Over Gauteng Province
3.3 CO and NO2 Time Series Over Gauteng Province
3.4 Absolute and Relative Differences in NO2 Distribution in Gauteng Province
3.5 AOD and Temperature Distribution Over Gauteng Province
3.6 CO and NO2 Distribution Over the Western Cape Province
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Soil and Sediment
Pristine- and Engineered Wood-Derived Biochar for Abating Toxic Metal Contamination in the Soil Environment
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis Techniques
2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
2.2 Slow and Fast Pyrolysis
2.3 Gasification
2.4 Torrefaction
3 Physicochemical Characterization of Wood-Based Biochar
4 Immobilization of HMs Using Wood-Based Biochar
5 Mechanisms of Metal-Biochar Interaction in Soils
5.1 Indirect Interactions Among Wood-Based Biochar and HMs in Soils
5.2 Direct Interactions Between Wood-Based Biochar and HMs in Soils
6 Engineered Wood-Based Biochar for HMs Removal from Soil
7 Conclusion Recommendation and Future Perspectives
References
Petrography and Geochemistry of Sandstones of the Permian Vryheid Formation, Highveld Coalfield of South Africa: Implications for Provenance, Palaeoweathering and Palaeoredox Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Geological Setting
3 Materials and Method
3.1 Petrography
3.2 Geochemistry
4 Results
5 Petrography
5.1 Quartz
5.2 Feldspar
5.3 Lithic Fragments
5.4 Other Minerals
5.5 Compaction
5.6 Clay Mineral Authigenesis
5.7 Quartz Cementation
6 Sandstone Geochemistry
6.1 Tectonic Setting and Provenance Determination
6.2 Weathering, Diagenesis and Sorting of Sediments
6.3 Paleooxygenation Conditions
7 Conclusions
References
Quantitative Assessment of Metal and Microplastics Contamination in KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa: A General Review
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 KwaZulu-Natal Coast
3 Methodology
3.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
3.2 Statistical Analysis
3.3 Ecological Risk Assessment
3.4 Enrichment Factor (EF)
3.5 Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo)
3.6 Degree of Contamination (Cd)
3.7 Risk Index (RI)
3.8 Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) of Hg
3.9 Density Separation of MPs
3.10 MPs Surface and Polymer Analysis
4 Pollutants in KZN Coast
4.1 Metals
4.2 Statistical Evaluation
4.3 Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Metals
4.4 Microplastics (MPs)
5 Probable Remedial Measures
6 Conclusion
References
Environmental Engineering and Clean Production
Toward Cleaner Production of the Cement Industry in Indonesia: Life Cycle Assessment of Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Application
1 Introduction
2 Sustainable Development Goals-Cleaner Production
2.1 ISO 14044:2006 (Life Cycle Assessment)
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Goal and Scope Definition
3.2 Boundary System
3.3 Data Collection Inventory
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment
4.2 Analysis of Characterization and Process Contribution
4.3 Damage Impact
4.4 Normalization
4.5 Single Score
4.6 Interpretation
5 Analysis of Improvements
6 Conclusion
References
Microbial Conversion of Waste Glycerol of Biodiesel Production into Value-Added Products
1 Introduction
2 Biodiesel and Its Crude Glycerol Properties
3 Crude Glycerol Utilization in Microbial Fermentation into Value-Added Products
3.1 1,3-Propanediol
3.2 Hydrogen
3.3 Bioethanol
3.4 N-Butanol
3.5 2,3-Butanediol
3.6 Single-Cell Oil
3.7 Citric Acid
3.8 Propionic Acid
3.9 Lactic Acid
3.10 Succinic Acid
3.11 Biogas
4 Commercialization of Products and Their Barriers
5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Water Remediation Using Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Environmental Sustainability
1 Introduction
1.1 Water Pollution
2 Adsorption Method
3 Magnetic Properties of Superparamagnetic Nanomaterials
4 Synthetic Methods
4.1 Important Chemical Methods
5 Surface Modification of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
6 Reusability and Desorption Studies
7 Applications
7.1 Removal of Dyes Using MIONPs
7.2 Removal of Heavy Metals Using MIONPs
7.3 Oil Recovery
7.4 Removal of Radionuclides and Rare Earth Elements Using MIONPs
8 Conclusion
References
Dynamics of Climatic and Vegetation Parameters in Urban and Township Areas: A Case Study Over the City of Johannesburg and Alexandra Township in South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 City of Johannesburg
2.2 Alexandra Township
2.3 Impact of the Densification of Residential Areas and Heat Islands
2.4 Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Surface Temperatures
3 Data and Methods
3.1 Data
3.2 Method of Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Urban Density and Surface Temperature in Johannesburg
4.2 Seasonal Spatial Distribution, Trends and Correlation Over Johannesburg
4.3 Time-Series Analysis and Correlations Over Alexandra
5 Conclusion
References
Recent Advancements and Future Prospective in Environmental Sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Recent Advancements
3 Future Prospective
References
Index