Recent Advances in Dam Engineering

✍ Scribed by B.N. Asthana, Deepak Khare

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 379
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book discusses recent developments in dam engineering, covering theoretical as well as practical aspects. The chapters provide detailed descriptions of the types, surveys and investigations, layouts, design, thermal stresses and foundation of dams. The differences between various theories/methods of analysis used in design and their practical application and limitations are clarified.

The book focuses on earth fills and landfills and stresses the importance of the foundation treatment. Failure of embankment dams is discussed particularly in the planning and construction stages of the dam. The environmental impact of dams is treated with references to river diversions and reservoir sedimentation. The book is written as a reference book for professional engineers and is also suitable for post graduate courses.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Some Useful Conversion Factors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 GENERAL
1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1.2.1 Development of Dams in India
1.3 FUTURE OF DAM PROJECTS
1.4 TYPES OF DAM PROJECTS
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
1.6 CHOICE OF TYPE OF DAM
1.7 DAM AND ITS APPURTENANT WORKS
1.8 HEIGHT OF DAM
1.9 CHALLENGES IN DAM PROJECTS IN INDIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2: Concrete Dams
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 TYPES OF CONCRETE DAMS
2.3 DAM TYPES IN INDIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3: Concrete Gravity Dams
3.1 GENERAL
3.2 SELECTION OF DAM SITE
3.3 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS
3.3.1 Topographical Surveys
3.3.2 Hydrological Data and Analysis
3.3.3 Geological Investigations
3.3.4 Construction Material Survey
3.4 LAYOUT OF DAM
3.4.1 Overflow Section
3.4.2 Non-Overflow Section
3.4.3 Drainage Arrangement
3.4.4 Galleries and Openings
3.5 DESIGN OF DAM
3.5.1 Concept and Criteria
3.5.2 Forces Acting on the Dam
3.5.3 Load Combinations
3.5.4 Stability Analysis
3.5.5 Principal, Normal Horizontal and Shear Stresses
3.5.6 Principal Stresses on Dam Faces
3.5.7 Internal Stresses
3.5.8 Design of Opening and Galleries
3.6 THERMAL STRESSES AND CONTROL
3.6.1 Temperature Control
3.6.2 Restraint Control
3.6.3 Curing
3.6.4 Temperature Distribution inside Gravity Dam
3.7 DAMS ON PERVIOUS FOUNDATION
APPENDIX
Computing Stability Analysis and Principal Stresses in a Dam Section
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4: Roller Compacted Concrete Dams
4.1 GENERAL
4.2 RCC DAMS
4.3 DESIGN APPROACHES IN RCC DAMS
4.4 CONSIDERATIONS IN LAYOUT
4.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
4.6 RCC MATERIALS
4.7 RCC MIX DESIGN
4.8 CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS
4.9 TEST SECTION
4.10 RCC DAMS IN INDIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5: Embankment Dams
5.1 GENERAL
5.2 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
5.3 SELECTION OF SITE
5.4 TYPES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
5.4.1 Earth-Fill Dam
5.4.2 Rockfill Dams
5.5 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
5.5.1 Hydraulic Fill Dams
5.5.2 Rolled Earthfill Dam
5.5.3 Dumped Rock-Fill Dams
5.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING LOCATION, LAYOUT, SHAPE, TYPE AND DESIGN OF AN EMBANKMENT DAM
5.6.1 Topography
5.6.2 Foundation Conditions
5.6.3 Material Availability
5.6.4 Climate
5.6.5 Spillway Location
5.6.6 Outlet Works
5.6.7 River Diversion
5.6.8 Wave Action
5.6.9 Time Schedule for Construction
5.6.10 Function of a Reservoir
5.6.11 Seismicity
5.6.12 Future Raising
5.7 BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5.8 GENERAL DESIGN FEATURES
5.8.1 Side Slopes
5.8.2 Filter
5.8.2.1 Filter of Natural Granular Material
5.8.2.2 Geotextile as Filter
5.8.3 Crest Width and Camber
5.8.4 Freeboard
5.8.5 Slope Protection
5.9 SEEPAGE THROUGH DAM BODY
5.9.1 Phreatic Line
5.9.2 Flow Net
5.9.3 Determination of Phreatic Line in Dam Section
5.10 SEEPAGE CONTROL THROUGH DAM BODY
5.11 SLOPE STABILITY
5.11.1 Approach for Stability Analysis
5.11.2 Stages for Stability Analysis
5.11.3 Pore Pressure
5.11.4 Shear Strength of Soil
5.11.5 Slip Surface
5.11.6 Computation Method for Stability of Slopes
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6: Earthfill Dams
6.1 GENERAL
6.2 HOMOGENEOUS DAM SECTION
6.2.1 Modified Homogeneous Type Dam
6.2.1.1 Rock Toe
6.2.1.2 Horizontal Drainage
6.3 ZONED DAM SECTION
6.4 CHOICE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
6.5 SLOPE STABILITY
6.5.1 Illustrative Example
6.5.2 Recommended Dam Slopes
6.5.3 Seismic Analysis for Slope Stability
6.6 FILTER MATERIAL
6.7 BERMS
6.8 MEASURES AT INTERFACE WITH CONCRETE SURFACES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7: Rockfill Dams
7.1 GENERAL
7.2 GENERAL FEATURES
7.3 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF CFRD AND ECRD
7.4 CONCRETE FACED ROCKFILL DAMS (CFRD)
7.4.1 Toe Slab
7.4.2 Face Slab
7.4.3 Perimetral Joint
7.4.4 Zoned Rockfill
7.4.5 Asphaltic Concrete Membrane/Central Core
7.4.6 CFRD in India
7.5 EARTH CORE Rockfill DAMS (ECRD)
7.5.1 Slope Stability Analysis
7.5.2 Clay Core
7.6 EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF AN ECRD
7.6.1 Design Aspects of Tehri Dam Section
7.6.2 Seismic Analysis
Bibliography
Chapter 8: Failure of Embankment Dams
8.1 GENERAL
8.2 EXAMPLES OF DAM FAILURE
8.3 MACHHU DAM-II
8.4 LESSONS FOR FUTURE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9: Foundation Treatment of Dams
9.1 GENERAL
9.2 FOUNDATION TREATMENT FOR CONCRETE DAMS
9.2.1 Normal Treatment
9.2.1.1 Shaping of Foundation
9.2.1.2 Dental Treatment
9.2.1.3 Grouting
9.2.1.4 Drainage
9.2.1.5 Sequence of Foundation Treatment
9.2.2 Site Specific Special Foundation Treatment
9.2.2.1 Treating Weak Zones
9.2.2.2 Treating Bedding Planes/Clay Seams
9.2.2.3 Treating Complex Foundation
9.3 FOUNDATION TREATMENT FOR ROCKFILL DAMS
9.3.1 Concrete Faced Rockfil Dam (CFRD)
9.3.2 Earth Core Rockfill Dam (ECRD)
9.3.2.1 Treatment of Core Area
9.3.2.2 Grouting
9.3.2.3 Foundation Treatment of ECRD at Tehri
9.3.3 Abutment Contact
9.3.4 Treatment of Abutment
9.4 FOUNDATION TREATMENT OF EARTHFILL DAMS
9.4.1 Seepage Reducing Methods
9.4.1.1 Cut-off
9.4.1.2 Partial Cut-off
9.4.1.3 Concrete Cut-off Walls or Diaphragm
9.4.1.4 Slurry Trench Cut-offs
9.4.1.5 Grouted Cutoff
9.4.1.6 Upstream Impervious Blanket
9.4.2 Drainage Methods
9.4.2.1 Horizontal Drainage Blanket
9.4.2.2 Toe Drains
9.4.2.3 Relief Wells
9.4.3 Treating Clay Foundations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10: River Diversion
10.1 GENERAL
10.2 DIVERSION METHODS
10.2.1 Single Stage Diversion
10.2.2 Multi-stage Diversion
10.3 DIVERSION DISCHARGE
10.4 DIVERSION STRUCTURES
10.4.1 Tunnels
10.4.2 Culverts
10.4.3 Channels
10.5 COFFERDAMS
10.6 RIVER CLOSURE
10.7 OVERTOPPING OF COFFERDAMS
10.8 CLOSURE OF DIVERSION WORKS
10.9 EXAMPLES OF RIVER DIVERSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11: Hill Slope Stabilization at Dam and Power Projects in Himalayas
11.1 GENERAL
11.2 STABILIZING MEASURES
11.3 ANCHORING
11.3.1 Rock Bolting
11.3.2 Pre-Stressed Anchors
11.4 CASE STUDIES
11.4.1 Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-Electric Project (1500 MW)
11.4.2 Ichari Dam on River Tons
11.4.3 Dharasu Power House
11.4.4 Slope Stabilization at Tehri Dam
11.4.5 A Review of Case Studies
11.5 RESERVOIR RIM SLOPE STABILITY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12: Reservoir Sedimentation
12.1 GENERAL
12.2 SILTING RATE
12.2.1 Sediment Inflow
12.2.2 Capacity Inflow Ratio
12.2.3 Density of Sediment Deposits
12.3 PATTERN OF SEDIMENT DEPOSITION IN RESERVOIRS
12.3.1 Predicting Sediment Distribution
12.3.1.1 Empirical Area Reduction Method
12.3.1.2 Area-Increment Method
12.3.1.3 Mathematical Models
12.4 SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES (REF. 2, 12, 14)
12.4.1 Reducing Sediment Yield from Catchment
12.4.2 Reducing Sediment Influx in Reservoir
12.4.3 Reducing Sediment Deposition in Reservoir
12.5 REMOVAL OF DEPOSITED SEDIMENT
12.5.1 Sediment Syphoning
12.5.2 Excavation
12.5.3 Dredging
12.6 DECOMMISSIONING OF DAM
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13: Instrumentation
13.1 GENERAL
13.2 CONCRETE DAMS
13.2.1 Types of Measurements
13.2.2 Purpose of Measurements
13.2.3 Measuring Instruments - Type, Choice, Location etc.
13.2.4 Installation of Instruments
13.2.5 Frequency of Measurement
13.2.6 Example
13.2.7 Recording, Monitoring and Evaluation
13.2.8 Instrumentation in RCC Dams
13.3 EMBANKMENT DAMS (I.S. 7436 - PART-1)
13.3.1 Types of Measurements
13.3.2 Types of Instruments
13.3.3 Example
13.4 CONCRETE FACED ROCKFILL DAMS (CFRD)
13.4.1 Types of Instruments
13.4.2 Instruments
13.4.3 Example
BIBLIOGRAPGHY
Chapter 14: Construction Aspects of Dams
14.1 GENERAL
14.2 CONCRETE DAMS
14.2.1 Concrete
14.2.2 The Construction Processes/Activities
14.2.3 Concrete Production
14.2.3.1 Ingredients of Concrete
14.2.3.2 Handling of Concrete Ingredients (Materials)
14.2.3.3 Batching and Mixing
14.2.3.4 Precooling of Concrete Ingredients
14.2.3.5 Quality of Concrete
14.2.4 Transporting Concrete
14.2.5 Placing Concrete
14.2.5.1 Preparations before placing
14.2.5.2 Placing of Concrete
14.2.6 Curing
14.2.7 Concreting in Spillway
14.2.8 Roller Compacted Concrete Dam (RCC Dam)
14.3 EMBANKMENT DAMS
14.3.1 General
14.3.2 Materials
14.3.3 Activities Involved in Construction of an Embankment Dam
14.3.3.1 Borrow Areas
14.3.3.2 Main Activities in Construction
14.3.3.3 Earth Moving Equipment
14.3.3.4 Guidelines for Selection of Earth Moving Equipment
14.3.3.5 Planning Earth Moving Equipment through Systems Approach
14.3.4 Construction of Zoned Embankment
14.3.4.1 Clay Core
14.3.4.2 Filter
14.3.4.3 Shell Material
14.3.4.4 Rip-rap
14.3.5 Quality Control
14.3.6 Examples of Equipment Used on Earth and Rockfill Dams
14.3.6.1 Salal Dam
14.3.6.2 Tehri Dam
14.3.7 Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15: Dams and the Environmental Issues
15.1 GENERAL
15.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RESERVOIRS
15.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DAMS IN INDIA
15.4 PRESENT STATUS REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF DAMS
15.5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES OF DAMS IN INDIA
15.5.1 Tehri Dam Project
15.5.2 Kirthai-I Hydroelectric Project
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16: Dam Safety
16.1 GENERAL
16.2 REVIEW OF DESIGN FLOOD
16.3 STRUCTURAL REVIEW
16.4 INSPECTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
16.4.1 Inspection and Maintenance of Embankment Dams
16.4.2 Inspection and Maintenance of Concrete Dams
16.4.3 Inspection and Maintenance of Mechanical Equipment
16.5 SAFETY CORRECTIONS
16.6 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index