Readings in Machine Translation

✍ Scribed by Sergei Nirenburg, Harold L. Somers, Yorick A. Wilks

• Publisher: The MIT Press
• Year: 2002
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 430
• Edition: 1st
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The field of machine translation (MT) -- the automation of translation between human languages -- has existed for more than fifty years. MT helped to usher in the field of computational linguistics and has influenced methods and applications in knowledge representation, information theory, and mathematical statistics.This valuable resource offers the most historically significant English-language articles on MT. The book is organized in three sections. The historical section contains articles from MT's beginnings through the late 1960s. The second section, on theoretical and methodological issues, covers sublanguage and controlled input, the role of humans in machine-aided translation, the impact of certain linguistic approaches, the transfer versus interlingua question, and the representation of meaning and knowledge. The third section, on system design, covers knowledge-based, statistical, and example-based approaches to multilevel analysis and representation, as well as computational issues.

✦ Table of Contents

CONTENTS......Page 6
Introduction......Page 12
I HISTORICAL......Page 18
Introduction......Page 20
1 Translation......Page 30
2 Mechanical Translation......Page 36
3 The Mechanical Determination of Meaning......Page 38
4 Stochastic Methods of Mechanical Translation......Page 54
5 A Framework for Syntactic Translation......Page 56
6 The Present Status of Automatic Translation of Languages......Page 62
7 A New Approach to the Mechanical Syntactic Analysis of Russian......Page 94
8 A Preliminary Approach to Japanese-English Automatic Translation......Page 116
9 On the Mechanization of Syntactic Analysis......Page 126
10 Research Procedures in Machine Translation......Page 132
11 ALPAC: The (In)Famous Report......Page 148
12 Correlational Analysis and Mechanical Translation......Page 154
13 Automatic Translation: Some Theoretical Aspects and the Design of a Translation System......Page 174
14 Mechanical Pidgin Translation......Page 194
15 English-Japanese Machine Translation......Page 210
II THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 218
Introduction......Page 220
16 Automatic Translation and the Concept of Sublanguage......Page 224
17 The Proper Place of Men and Machines in Language Translation......Page 238
18 Machine Translation as an Expert Task......Page 250
19 Montague Grammar and Machine Translation......Page 256
20 Dialogue Translation vs. Text Translation—Interpretation Based Approach......Page 272
21 Translation by Structural Correspondences......Page 280
22 Pros and Cons of the Pivot and Transfer Approaches in Multilingual Machine Translation......Page 290
23 Treatment of Meaning in MT Systems......Page 298
24 Where Am I Coming From: The Reversibility of Analysis and Generation in Natural Language Processing......Page 312
25 The Place of Heuristics in the Fulcrum Approach to Machine Translation......Page 318
26 Computer Aided Translation: A Business Viewpoint......Page 328
III SYSTEM DESIGN......Page 336
Introduction......Page 338
27 Three Levels of Linguistic Analysis in Machine Translation......Page 342
28 Automatic Translation—A Survey of Different Approaches......Page 350
29 Multi-level Translation Aids......Page 356
30 EUROTRA: Computational Techniques......Page 362
31 A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle......Page 368
32 A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation......Page 372
33 Automatic Speech Translation at ATR......Page 380
34 The Stanford Machine Translation Project......Page 388
35 The Textual Knowledge Bank: Design, Construction, Applications......Page 408
36 Machine Translation Without a Source Text......Page 418
Source Notes......Page 424
R......Page 428
Z......Page 430