Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems Fundamentals and Current Issues

✍ Scribed by Tabatabaei, Naser Mahdavi(Editor);Aghbolaghi, Ali Jafari(Editor);Bizon, Nicu(Editor);Blaabjerg, Frede(Editor)

• Publisher: Springer International Publishing
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 655
• Series: Power systems
• Edition: 1st ed. 2017
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This textbook explores reactive power control and voltage stability and explains how they relate to different forms of power generation and transmission. Bringing together international experts in this field, it includes chapters on electric power analysis, design and operational strategies. The book explains fundamental concepts before moving on to report on the latest theoretical findings in reactive power control, including case studies and advice on practical implementation students can use to design their own research projects.

Featuring numerous worked-out examples, problems and solutions, as well as over 400 illustrations, Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems offers an essential textbook for postgraduate students in electrical power engineering. It offers practical advice on implementing the methods discussed in the book using MATLAB and DIgSILENT, and the relevant program files are available on the book's website.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Part I Fundamentals of Reactive Power in AC Power Systems......Page 10
Part II Compensation and Reactive Power Optimization in AC Power Systems......Page 11
Part III Challenges, Solutions and Applications in AC Power Systems......Page 13
Contents......Page 15
List of Figures......Page 17
List of Tables......Page 32
Fundamentals of Reactive Power in AC Power Systems......Page 36
Abstract......Page 37
1.2 Introduction in Electrical Power Systems......Page 38
1.3 Basic Concepts and Analysis Methods of Electrical Power Systems......Page 40
1.4.1 Voltage Measurement......Page 55
1.4.2 Current Measurement......Page 56
1.4.3 Active Power Measurement......Page 57
1.5 State of the Art: Standards for Power Systems Parameters......Page 60
1.6 Importance of Reactive Power......Page 68
1.6.1 Reactive Power Flow Effects Evaluation......Page 70
1.6.2 Harmonic State Indicator—Specific PQ Parameters......Page 72
References......Page 80
2.1 Chapter Overview......Page 82
2.2.1 Two-Port Linear Elements......Page 83
2.2.2 Basic Equations: Kirchhoff’s Laws in Complex Representation [2–5]......Page 90
2.2.3 Definitions of Powers in AC Circuits [1, 6, 7]......Page 92
2.2.4 Examples......Page 95
2.3.1 Energy and Power in AC Power Systems......Page 106
2.3.2 Case Studies......Page 109
2.4 Effects of Reactive Power on the Power System Parameters......Page 110
2.4.1 Investigating the Powers Flow Process in AC Systems......Page 112
2.4.2 Reactive Power Consumers......Page 115
2.4.3 Power Factor Compensation in AC Power Systems......Page 117
2.4.4 Case Studies......Page 126
2.5 New Principle of Minimum Active and Reactive Absorbed Power (PMARP) in AC Power Systems......Page 129
2.5.1 PMARP for Linear AC Circuit......Page 130
2.5.2 PMARP for Linear AC Circuits Under Non-sinusoidal Conditions......Page 134
2.5.3 Practical Examples......Page 137
2.6 Conclusion......Page 144
References......Page 145
3.1 Introduction......Page 149
3.2.1 Thermal Limit......Page 151
3.2.2 Voltage Limit......Page 152
3.2.3.3 Dynamic Stability......Page 153
3.3.1 Parallel Capacitor......Page 154
3.3.4 Synchronous Condenser......Page 155
3.3.6.1 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR)......Page 156
3.3.6.6 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)......Page 157
3.3.7.1 STATic Synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM)......Page 158
3.3.8 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)......Page 159
3.4.1 Shunt Compensation......Page 161
3.4.1.2 Shunt Compensation Based on the Power Electronic Converters......Page 162
3.4.2.2 Series Compensation Based on the Power Electronic Converters......Page 164
References......Page 167
Abstract......Page 169
4.1 Introduction......Page 170
4.2 Reactive Power Review......Page 171
4.3 Theoretical Background—Properties of Homogenous Operators......Page 173
4.4 Cyclodissipativity Approach......Page 176
4.5 Reactive Power Compensation......Page 178
4.6 Extension to Three-Phase Networks......Page 186
4.7.1 Reactive Power IEEE Definition......Page 203
4.7.2 Reactive Power Calculation......Page 204
4.7.3 Example of Integrated Circuits for Reactive Power Measuring......Page 206
4.7.4 Summary......Page 209
4.8 Active Power Factor Correction......Page 210
Acknowledgements......Page 217
References......Page 218
Abstract......Page 223
5.1 Introduction......Page 224
5.2 Indices Affecting the Wind Turbine Units from the Reactive Power Viewpoint......Page 226
5.3 Types of Wind Turbine Connection to the Power Grid......Page 227
5.4 Types of Modern Generators......Page 229
5.5 Wind Turbine Requirements During Connection to the Grid Considering Reactive Power Aspects......Page 233
5.6 Wind Turbine Power Plant from Distributed Generation Viewpoint......Page 235
5.7.1 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Modeling......Page 237
5.7.2 DFIG Shaft System Model......Page 242
5.7.3 DFIG Wind Turbine Generator Control......Page 243
5.8 Calculation of Power Resulting from Wind......Page 246
5.9 Air Density Changes Proportional with the Height and Temperature Degree......Page 247
5.10 Load Control, Frequency and Voltage-Reactive Power in Diesel Generators......Page 248
5.10.2 Durability Indicator Calculation......Page 251
5.11 IEEE Standard 30-Bus Test System......Page 252
5.12 Conclusion......Page 255
References......Page 256
6.1 Introduction......Page 258
6.2 Impact of Reactive Power Flow in Power System......Page 260
6.3.1 Reasons and Nature of Voltage Variations in Electrical Networks......Page 262
6.3.2 Reactive Power Control Methods for Voltage Stability......Page 264
6.4.1 Voltage Control by Reactive Power Flow Adjustment......Page 265
6.4.2 Voltage Control by Power Network Parameters Adjustment......Page 269
6.4.3 Node Voltage Set Up......Page 271
6.4.4 Management of Voltage Control......Page 272
6.5 Case Studies......Page 273
References......Page 278
Compensation and Reactive Power Optimization in AC Power Systems......Page 280
Abstract......Page 281
7.1 Introduction......Page 283
7.2 Voltage Stability Based RPD Model......Page 286
7.3 Reactive Power Capacity and Control Options in Wind Farms......Page 289
7.3.1 Objective Function......Page 291
7.3.2 Objective Constraints......Page 292
7.4 Voltage Stability Based RPP Model......Page 293
7.5 Simulation......Page 295
References......Page 301
8.1 Introduction......Page 304
8.2.1 Background......Page 305
8.2.2 The Theory of Reactive Power Compensation......Page 308
8.2.3 Devices Used in Reactive Power Compensation......Page 315
8.3 Conventional Equipment for Reactive Power Compensation......Page 318
8.3.1 Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)......Page 319
8.3.2 Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)......Page 322
8.3.3 Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)......Page 323
8.4 Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)......Page 324
8.4.1 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)......Page 326
8.4.1.1 Multi-pulse Converter Based STATCOM......Page 327
8.4.1.2 Multilevel Converter Based STATCOM......Page 331
8.4.2 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)......Page 332
8.4.3 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)......Page 335
8.5.1 Dynamic Power Flow Controller (DPFC)......Page 338
8.5.2 VSC-Based HVDC Transmission......Page 339
8.6 Conclusion......Page 340
References......Page 341
Abstract......Page 345
9.1 Introduction......Page 346
9.1.1 Objectives......Page 347
9.2.1 Hybrid Flow Controller......Page 349
9.2.2 Multi-converter FACTS Devices......Page 351
9.2.2.1 Power Flow Equations of M-FACTS......Page 352
9.2.2.3 Injection Pattern of GUPFC......Page 353
9.3 RPP by VAR Resources......Page 357
9.4 MOPSO-NTVE Algorithm Implementation to Solve RPP Problem......Page 359
9.4.1 Fuzzy Decision Making......Page 361
9.5 Implementation......Page 362
References......Page 370
10.1 Introduction......Page 373
10.2 Fundamentals of Reactive Power Optimization......Page 375
10.3 Reactive Power Optimization Using Classic Methods......Page 381
10.4 Reactive Power Optimization Using Artificial Intelligent Algorithms......Page 387
10.4.1 Basic Principles......Page 388
10.4.2.2 Voltage Deviation Constraint......Page 390
10.4.2.4 Constraints of Control and State Variables......Page 391
10.4.2.6 General Form of Objective Functions Used in Intelligent Algorithms......Page 392
10.5 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm......Page 394
10.5.1 Computational Implementation of PSO for Reactive Power Optimization......Page 396
10.6 Pattern Search Optimization Algorithm......Page 400
10.6.1 Mathematical Description of Pattern Search Optimization Algorithm......Page 401
10.7 Particle Swarm Pattern Search Algorithm......Page 403
10.8.1.1 Reactive Power Optimization Using Particle Swarm Pattern Search Algorithm......Page 410
10.8.1.2 Reactive Power Optimization Using Genetic Pattern Search Algorithm......Page 414
10.8.2.1 Reactive Power Optimization Using Particle Swarm Pattern Search Algorithm......Page 416
10.8.3 Case Study 3—IEEE 39-Bus New England Power Network......Page 419
10.8.3.1 Reactive Power Optimization Using Particle Swarm Pattern Search Algorithm......Page 422
10.9 Summary......Page 426
Appendix 2: IEEE 14-Bus Standard Power System......Page 428
Appendix 3: IEEE 39-Bus New England Power System......Page 431
References......Page 437
Abstract......Page 438
11.2 How to Implement Reactive Power Optimization Using MATLAB and DIgSILENT......Page 439
11.2.1 First Step—Tracing a 6-Bus IEEE Standard Power Network in DIgSILENT......Page 440
11.2.1.2 How to Enter Operational Limitations of Generators......Page 442
11.2.1.3 How to Adjust Tap Settings for Transformers......Page 445
11.2.2 Second Step—How to Use DIgSILENT Scripting Facility......Page 447
11.2.2.1 How to Create a DPL Command Set......Page 448
11.2.2.2 How to Create a “General Set” and Introduce It to DPL......Page 450
11.2.2.3 How to Introduce External Variables to DPL......Page 452
11.2.2.4 How to Write Scripts for DIgSILENT and MATLAB Step by Step......Page 453
Initializing MATLAB Software......Page 454
Initializing DIgSILENT Software......Page 455
Running Power Flow in DIgSILENT Based on Initial Condition......Page 456
Voltage Stability Index Process Before Reactive Power Optimization......Page 459
Active Power Losses Calculation Based on Initial Circumstances......Page 461
Scripting Particle Swarm Optimization......Page 462
Cost Function Evaluation of Reactive Power Optimization......Page 465
Using Pattern Search Algorithm as Supplementary Optimization Algorithm......Page 469
Voltage Stability Index Process After Reactive Power Optimization......Page 471
Final Calculations of Voltage Stability Index......Page 473
Reduction Figures of Active Power Losses......Page 474
Representing All Data in MATLAB Command Window......Page 475
11.2.3 Third Step—How to Run MATLAB and DIgSILENT to Start Optimizing Reactive Power......Page 478
11.3 How to Use Built-in Optimization Functions to Implement Reactive Power Optimization......Page 480
11.3.1.1 How to Import IEEE 39-Bus New England Power Network from the Examples or a File......Page 481
11.3.1.2 Putting Finishing Touches on the Power Network in DIgSILENT......Page 482
11.3.2.1 Initializing and Defining the Problem in MATLAB......Page 483
11.3.2.2 Initial Power Losses According to New England 39-Bus Network......Page 485
11.3.2.4 How to Apply Control Variables to the Network......Page 486
11.3.2.5 Running Load Flow in the Script Section in DIgSILENT......Page 487
11.3.2.7 Exporting Transmission Lines Power Losses from DIgSILENT......Page 488
11.3.2.8 Importing Active Power Losses from Text File in MATLAB......Page 489
11.3.2.9 Reactive Power Optimization Using Built-in Particle Swarm Function......Page 490
11.3.2.10 Reactive Power Optimization Using Built-in Pattern Search Function......Page 494
11.3.2.11 Finishing the Optimization Procedure and Exporting Results......Page 496
11.3.4 How to Run Small Signal Analysis in DIgSILENT......Page 498
11.4 Summary......Page 500
References......Page 501
Abstract......Page 502
12.1.1 Background and Review of the Recent Literature......Page 503
12.1.2 Chapter Contributions......Page 505
12.2.1 Demand Uncertainty Characterization via Scenario Based Modeling......Page 506
12.2.2 Wind Power Generation Uncertainty Modeling......Page 507
12.3.1.1 Minimization of Total Active Power Losses......Page 510
12.3.1.3 Minimization of Voltage Stability Index (L-Index)......Page 511
12.3.2 ε-Constraint Method......Page 513
12.3.4.1 Equality Constraints (AC Power Balance Equations)......Page 514
12.3.4.2 Inequality Constraints......Page 515
12.4 Scenario Generation and Two-Stage Stochastic Programming......Page 516
12.5.1 Test System......Page 517
12.5.2.2 Solving DMO-ORPD with Expected WFs......Page 519
12.5.2.3 Solving SMO-ORPD with WFs......Page 521
12.5.3.1 Solving DMO-ORPD Without WFs......Page 525
12.5.3.2 Solving DMO-ORPD with Expected WFs......Page 527
12.5.3.3 Solving SMO-ORPD with WFs......Page 528
12.6.1 Comparison of DMO-ORPD Performance with Pervious Literature......Page 530
12.6.2 Impact of Wind Energy on MO-ORPD Problem......Page 534
Appendix......Page 537
References......Page 538
Challenges, Solutions and Applications in AC Power Systems......Page 541
13.1 Introduction......Page 542
13.2 Proposed Autonomous Configuration......Page 544
13.2.1 Space Vector Concept......Page 545
13.2.2 Induction Generator Model......Page 546
13.2.3 Startup of the SEIG......Page 548
13.3.1 Single Phase Equivalent Circuit Model......Page 551
13.3.2.1 Graphical Operating Point Determination......Page 553
13.3.2.2 Evolution of Operating Point for Variation of the L Load......Page 555
13.3.2.3 Newton-Raphson Numerical Solution......Page 556
13.4 Impact of the C Variation on the Frequency......Page 558
13.4.1 Load Variation at Constant C......Page 559
13.4.2 R Load Variation at Variable C......Page 560
13.5 Reactive Power Control......Page 561
13.5.1 Variation of the Capacity......Page 562
13.5.2 Dimmer Operating Interval......Page 565
13.6 Voltage Collapse and Self-excitation Practical Procedure......Page 566
References......Page 568
Abstract......Page 571
14.1 Introduction......Page 572
14.2 Standards for Electric Power Systems Communications......Page 573
14.3.1 Wired Technologies for Smart Grid [3]......Page 576
14.3.2 Wireless Technologies for Smart Grid [3, 6]......Page 577
14.4 Architecture of Communication System Used for Power System Control......Page 578
14.5 Examples of Communication Systems for Electric Power System......Page 579
14.6 Overview of IEEE 802.11 Mesh Networking......Page 581
14.8 Conclusion......Page 582
References......Page 583
Abstract......Page 584
15.1 Introduction......Page 585
15.2 Research Extracts from Literature......Page 590
15.3.1 Hardware Architectures......Page 595
15.3.2 Generations of SCADA Systems......Page 597
15.3.3 Software Architectures......Page 599
15.4 Assessment of Cyber Security Risk for SCADA......Page 602
15.5 SCADA Applications......Page 604
15.5.1 SCADA System Existing in a Hydropower Plant......Page 605
15.5.2 SCADA System Proposed at the River Hydro-Arrangement......Page 610
15.5.3 Issues Related to Data Acquisition and Remote Management......Page 613
15.6 Overview of the Programming Environment VIJEO CITECT 7.40......Page 614
15.7.1 Implementing a Medium Voltage EPS Based on RESs......Page 618
15.7.1.1 Making the Graphic Page......Page 619
15.7.1.2 Configuring the Variables......Page 624
15.7.1.3 Method of Implementation......Page 626
15.7.2.2 Description of the Operation Diagram......Page 627
15.8 Conclusion......Page 629
References......Page 631
16.1 Introduction......Page 633
16.2.1 Earth Magnetic Field......Page 635
16.2.2 Solar Activity......Page 639
16.3 Definition of the Problem......Page 641
16.5 Calculation of Geomagnetically Induced Currents......Page 642
16.6 Illustrative Example......Page 645
16.7 Effect of Changes in the Earth’s Magnetic Field on the Reliability of the Distribution Power Network......Page 647
Acknowledgements......Page 649
References......Page 650
Index......Page 652