Raman spectroscopy for nanomaterials characterization

✍ Scribed by C S S R Kumar (ed.)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2012
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 659
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Angle-Resolved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering / C. Y. Chan, J. Li, H. C. Ong, J. B. Xu and Mary M. Y. Waye -- SERS-Encoded Particles / Nicolas Pazos-Perez and Ramón A. Álvarez-Puebla -- Biomedical SERS Studies Using Nanoshells / Michael A. Ochsenkühn and Colin J. Campbell -- Naturally Inspired SERS Substrates / N. L. Garrett -- Nonlinear Raman Scattering Spectroscopy for Carbon Nanomaterials / Katsuyoshi Ikeda and Kohei Uosaki -- Ag/Carbon Nanotubes for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering / Han-Wei Chang, Ping-Chieh Hsu and Yu-Chen Tsai -- Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanostructures: Nonlinear Effects and Anharmonicity / A. P. Naumenko, N. E. Korniyenko, V. M. Yashchuk, Srikanth Singamaneni and Valery N. Bliznyuk -- Confocal Surface-Enhanced Raman Microscopy at the Surface of Noble Metals / H. Dietz, G. Sandmann, A. Anders and W. Plieth -- Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Graphene / Duhee Yoon and Hyeonsik Cheong -- SERS Hot Spots / Robert C. Maher -- Immunoassays and Imaging Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy / Dae Hong Jeong, Gunsung Kim, Yoon-Sik Lee and Bong-Hyun Jun. In Situ Raman Spectroscopy of Oxidation of Carbon Nanomaterials / Sebastian Osswald and Yury Gogotsi -- Multiplexed SERS for DNA Detection / Karen Faulds -- Raman Spectroscopy of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles / Maria A. G. Soler and Fanyao Qu -- Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Nanostructures / Ramesh Kattumenu, Chang H. Lee, Valery N. Bliznyuk and Srikanth Singamaneni -- Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy / Norihiko Hayazawa, Alvarado Tarun, Atsushi Taguchi and Kentaro Furusawa -- Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Semiconducting Nanowires / Gregory S. Doerk, Carlo Carraro and Roya Maboudian -- Optical Tweezers for Raman Spectroscopy / Lianming Tong, Kerstin Ramser and Mikael Käll -- Portable SERS Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens / Hongxia Xu, Michael Y. Sha, Remy Cromer, Sharron G. Penn and Ed Holland, et al. -- SERS Spectroscopy and Microscopy / Maurizio Muniz-Miranda, Cristina Gellini and Massimo Innocenti -- Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy of Nanoscale Ferroelectric Thin Films and Superlattices / Dmitri A. Tenne

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Raman Spectroscopy for
Nanomaterials
Characterization......Page 4
ISBN 9783642206191......Page 5
Editor-in-Chief......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 10
2 Overview......Page 14
3 Introduction......Page 15
3.1.1 Attenuated Total Internal Reflection......Page 17
3.1.2 Periodic Metallic Arrays......Page 18
4.1 Sample Fabrication......Page 20
4.2 Characterizations......Page 22
5.1 One-Dimensional (1D) Metallic Gratings......Page 23
5.2 Two-Dimensional (2D) Circular Hole Arrays......Page 31
6 Conclusions and Future Perspective......Page 41
References......Page 42
2 Overview......Page 46
3 Introduction......Page 47
4 Experimental and Instrumental Methodology......Page 49
5.1 Encoded Particles for Multiplex High-Throughput Screening and Key-and-Lock Sensors......Page 53
5.2 SERS Imaging of Cells and Tissues......Page 56
6 Conclusions and Future Perspective......Page 57
Acknowledgments......Page 58
2 Introduction......Page 64
3.2.3 Modification of Aggregates with 5 Thiol Modified Aptamers and Oligonucleotides......Page 66
4.1 Nanoshells and Spectroscopy......Page 67
4.2 Biomolecular Attachment......Page 68
4.3 Conformational Changes......Page 71
4.4 Using SERS Spectral Changes to Detect Aptamer-Protein Binding......Page 75
4.5 Intracellular SERS......Page 78
4.7 Cell Viability......Page 82
5 Conclusions and Future Perspective......Page 84
References......Page 85
3 Introduction......Page 88
4.1 Preparation and Characterization of SERS Substrates......Page 91
4.2 Butterfly Wings as SERS Substrates for Protein-Binding Assaying......Page 94
4.3 Cicada Wings for SERS and a Simple Lithographic Technique for Replicating Their Nanostructure......Page 99
5 Key Research Findings......Page 102
6 Conclusions and Future Perspective......Page 108
References......Page 109
2 Overview......Page 112
4.1 Selection Rules......Page 113
4.2 Hyper-Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy......Page 115
4.3 Broadband CARS and 2D-CARS Microscopy......Page 116
5.1.1 Plasmonic and Molecular Resonance Enhancement of Hyper-Raman Scattering......Page 118
HRS Spectra of Fullerene......Page 119
HRS Spectra of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes......Page 121
5.2.1 Three-Color Broadband CARS Microscopy......Page 123
5.2.2 2D-CARS Spectra of SWNTs......Page 124
6 Conclusion and Future Perspective......Page 127
References......Page 128
3 Introduction......Page 132
3.1 SERS......Page 133
3.2.1 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)......Page 134
3.2.3 Lithography......Page 135
3.2.4 Electrodeposition......Page 136
3.3 CNTs-Metal Nanoparticles Composites......Page 137
5.1 Ag-MWCNTs-Nafion Nanocomposite for SERS......Page 138
5.2 Ag-MWCNTs-ACS Nanocomposite for SERS......Page 142
References......Page 144
2 Introduction......Page 150
3 Experimental and Instrumental Methodology......Page 152
4.1 Overview......Page 154
4.2 Comparative Analysis of Raman Spectra of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite......Page 159
4.3 Harmonic Bands and D+G Sum Mode......Page 163
4.4 Deconvolution of the Vibration Bands into Elementary Components......Page 167
4.5 Anomalous Changes of Vibration Modes´ Intensities and Anharmonicity in Raman Spectra of SWCNTs......Page 169
4.6 The Sum Frequency Harmonic of the SWCNT Low Frequency Mode......Page 171
5 Summary and Future Perspective......Page 173
References......Page 174
2 Overview......Page 180
3 Introduction......Page 181
4.1.1 Common Preparation Methods......Page 183
4.1.2 Double-Pulse Technique as an Electrochemical Tool for Controlling Particle Structure......Page 184
Silver......Page 185
4.2 Confocal Raman Microscopy......Page 186
5.1 Control of the Nanoparticle Preparation by Means of the Double-Pulse Technique......Page 189
5.2.1 Silver......Page 192
5.2.2 Gold......Page 196
6 Conclusion and Future Perspective......Page 200
References......Page 201
3.1 Graphene......Page 204
3.2 Crystal Structure......Page 205
3.3 Band Structure......Page 206
3.4 Raman Scattering in Graphene......Page 207
4.1 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy......Page 210
4.3 Strain......Page 212
5.1 Determination of Number of Graphene Layers......Page 213
5.2 Interference Effect......Page 216
5.3 Effect of Charge Carriers......Page 217
5.5 Strain Effect......Page 220
5.6 Edges......Page 222
5.7 Stacking......Page 223
References......Page 225
2 Introduction......Page 228
3 Basic Methodology......Page 231
4.1.1 Electromagnetic Hot Spots......Page 233
4.1.2 Chemically Enhanced Hot Spots......Page 238
4.2 Idealized Hot Spot Control: Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS)......Page 242
4.3.1 Enhancement Factors for Single-Molecule Detection......Page 244
4.3.2 Molecule Orientation......Page 245
4.3.3 Statistics and Fluctuations......Page 247
4.3.4 Molecular Control in Hot Spots and Laser Forces......Page 248
4.3.5 SERS Pumping......Page 250
4.5.1 Wet Chemical Protocols......Page 257
4.5.2 Lithographic Techniques......Page 259
4.6 Applications of SERS Hot Spots......Page 261
References......Page 265
2 Overview......Page 274
3 Introduction......Page 275
4.1 Raman Spectroscopy......Page 276
4.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)......Page 278
4.3 Nanostructures for SERS Substrates......Page 280
4.4 Configuration of Measurements (Intrinsic and Extrinsic Approaches)......Page 284
4.5 Direct Measurements......Page 285
4.6 Immunoassays Using Raman-Labels......Page 286
4.7 SERS-Based Imaging......Page 287
4.8 Bio-conjugation and Surface-Modification Technologies for Biological Applications......Page 290
5 Key Research Findings......Page 292
6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 297
References......Page 298
2 Overview......Page 304
3 Introduction......Page 305
4.1 Oxidation of Carbon Nanomaterials......Page 306
5.1 Oxidation and Purification of Carbon Nanomaterials......Page 307
5.2.1 Thermal Stability and Oxidation Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 310
5.2.2 Raman Spectra of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 313
5.2.3 Elimination of the D Band from Raman Spectra of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 315
5.2.4 Nonisothermal Oxidation of Single- and Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes......Page 317
5.2.5 Purification of Carbon Nanotubes by Isothermal Oxidation......Page 320
5.2.6 Graphitization, Defect Formation, and Functionalization......Page 323
5.2.7 Comparison of Single-, Double-, and Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes......Page 328
5.3 Purification and Size Control in Nanodiamond......Page 331
5.3.1 Thermal Stability and Oxidation Behavior of Nanodiamond......Page 333
5.3.2 Raman Spectra of Nanodiamond......Page 335
5.3.3 In Situ Studies and UV Raman Spectroscopy Characterization......Page 337
5.3.4 Structure and Surface Chemistry of Oxidized Nanodiamond......Page 340
5.3.5 Control of Nanodiamond Crystal Size......Page 343
5.3.6 Size Characterization Using Raman Spectroscopy......Page 347
5.4 Laser-Induced Heating of Carbon Nanomaterials......Page 351
5.4.1 Effect of Temperature on Raman Spectra......Page 352
5.4.2 Laser-Induced Heating and Light Emission......Page 354
5.4.3 Structural Changes upon Laser Excitation......Page 355
5.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective......Page 357
References......Page 359
1 Overview......Page 366
2 Introduction......Page 367
2.2 Mechanism of SERS......Page 368
2.3 Metal Surface......Page 369
3 Experimental and Instrumental Methodology......Page 370
4.1 SERRS of Labeled Oligonucleotides......Page 371
4.2 Practical Detection of DNA by SERRS......Page 372
4.3 Sensitivity of SERRS......Page 375
4.4 Multiplexing......Page 376
4.5 Multiplexed Assays......Page 380
4.6 Other Multiplexed Formats......Page 386
5 Conclusions and Future Outlook......Page 387
References......Page 388
3 Introduction......Page 392
4.2 mu-Raman Spectroscopy......Page 394
5.1 Special Features of Iron Oxide-Based Materials......Page 396
5.2 Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Nanomaterials......Page 399
5.3 The Vibrational Spectra of Iron Oxide Materials......Page 402
5.4 Phase Identification and Phase Transition in Iron Oxides......Page 406
5.4.1 Phase Identification......Page 407
5.4.2 Phase Transition......Page 414
5.4.3 Magnetite Oxidation Process......Page 415
5.5 Passivation Process of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles......Page 418
5.6 Raman Spectroscopy of Nanocomposites......Page 420
5.7.1 Interface Between Nanoparticle Surface and Carrier Liquid......Page 421
5.7.3 Investigation of the Iron Oxide Core Properties......Page 424
References......Page 426
2 Overview......Page 430
4.1 Overview of the Instrumentation......Page 431
5.1 Mapping Chemical Composition and Phase of Nanomaterials......Page 433
5.2 Probing Structure and Properties of Low-Dimensional Carbon Systems......Page 437
5.3.1 Probing Crystallinity of Polymers......Page 439
5.3.2 Probing Crystal Orientation in Inorganic Nanostructures......Page 440
5.4 Orientation of Nanofillers in Composites......Page 444
5.5 Internal Stress Monitoring with Nanoscale Resolution......Page 445
5.6 Micro-Raman as a Tool to Understand SERS......Page 448
5.7 Biological Applications......Page 451
6 Summary and Future Perspective......Page 452
References......Page 453
2 Overview......Page 458
3 Introduction......Page 459
3.1 Beyond the Diffraction Limit: Aperture and Apertureless NSOM Probes......Page 460
3.2 Tip Enhancement......Page 461
4.1 Optical Geometry: Transmission Mode and Reflection Mode......Page 463
4.2 Metallic Tips for Tip Enhancement......Page 464
4.3 Feedback Scheme for Tip-Sample Distance......Page 467
5.1 Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS)......Page 469
5.2 Tip Enhancement in UV and DUV Regions......Page 472
5.3 Tip-Enhanced Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy......Page 473
5.4.1 Tip-Pressure and Tip-Heating Effects......Page 476
Tip-Pressure-Assisted TERS......Page 477
Tip-Heating-Assisted TERS......Page 479
TERS System Using Tapping Mode AFM with Time-Gated Detection......Page 480
TERS System Using Tapping Mode AFM with Time-Gated Illumination......Page 482
6 Summary and Future Perspective......Page 483
References......Page 484
2 Overview......Page 490
3 Introduction......Page 491
4.1 Raman Scattering from Semiconductor Nanowires......Page 492
5.1 Chemical and Structural Characterization......Page 499
5.2 Quantitative Property Measurements with Raman Spectroscopy......Page 503
6 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 515
References......Page 516
2 Overview......Page 520
3 Introduction......Page 521
4 Experimental and Instrumental Methodology......Page 522
5.1 Raman Spectroscopy and Laser Trapping Performed on Dielectric Particles in the Micrometer Range......Page 523
5.1.2 Raman Tweezers Applied to Biological Cells......Page 524
5.1.3 Experimental Considerations Influencing the Measurements; Photo-Induced and Thermal Effects on Biological Material......Page 531
5.2 Optical Tweezers for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)......Page 533
5.2.1 Optical Aggregation of Metal Nanoparticles for SERS......Page 534
5.2.3 Optical Trapping of Raman Active Objects Approached to a SERS-Active Substrate......Page 536
5.2.4 Optical Tweezers for SERS Integrated with Microfluidics......Page 538
References......Page 539
2 Overview......Page 544
3 Introduction......Page 545
4.3 NanoplexTM Biotag Synthesis and Functionalization......Page 547
4.4 Conjugation of NeutrAvidin to SERS NanoplexTM Biotags......Page 548
4.7 Raman Instrument Nanoplex Reader Design......Page 549
5.1 SERS Tags and Its Detection Instrumentation......Page 550
5.2 SERS-Based Microsphere Array in an Oligo Model System......Page 552
5.3 Multiple Probes Approach for Increasing the Assay Sensitivity......Page 554
5.4 Detection of Stx1 Gene from E. coli O157:H7 Genomic DNA......Page 556
5.5 Possibility of Multiplexed Assay for Detection of E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica DNA......Page 558
References......Page 560
2 Overview......Page 566
3 Introduction......Page 567
4.4 Preparation of Metal Substrates......Page 572
5.1 Contribution of the Microscopic Techniques to the SERS Investigation......Page 573
5.1.1 TEM Microscopy......Page 574
5.1.2 SEM Microscopy......Page 576
5.1.3 AFM Microscopy......Page 579
5.2 SERS Spectroscopy with Confocal Optical Microscopy......Page 585
6 Applications and Future Perspectives......Page 591
6.1 Nanosensors......Page 592
6.2 Metal Corrosion......Page 593
6.4 Astrobiology......Page 594
References......Page 596
3.1 Ferroelectricity at the Nanoscale......Page 600
3.2 Lattice Dynamics and Ferroelectricity......Page 602
4.1 Basic Principles of Raman Scattering......Page 604
4.2 Advantages of Ultraviolet Excitation for Raman Studies of Wide-Bandgap Thin Film Materials......Page 605
5.1 Applications of Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy to Characterization of Ferroelectric Nanostructures: BaTiO3/SrTiO3 Superlattices......Page 610
5.2 Three-Component BaTiO3/SrTiO3/CaTiO3 Superlattices......Page 618
5.3 Size Effect on Phase Transitions in Strained Ultrathin BaTiO3 Films......Page 622
5.4 Ferroelectricity in Strain-Free SrTiO3 Films: Effect of Non-stoichiometry......Page 627
6 Summary and Future Perspective......Page 628
References......Page 630
Appendix......Page 638
References......Page 654
Index......Page 656