Radiopharmaceuticals: A Guide to PET/CT and PET/MRI

✍ Scribed by Ferdinando Calabria (editor), Orazio Schillaci (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 243
• Edition: 2nd ed. 2020
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a rapid and concise guide to PET (PET/CT and PET/MRI) molecular imaging, concentrating extensive information on PET radiopharmaceuticals in a single volume.

The book reflects the rapid development of several PET tracers over the last decade, as a result of which the “traditional” PET/CT with 18F-FDG, the “cornerstone” of PET imaging, is now only one of several available options, which use different tracers for different diseases. For the same reason, PET imaging is no longer limited to the field of oncology.

In the editors’ experience, students in medicine and residents in nuclear medicine and radiology have limited access to scientific papers concerning novel PET tracers. Moreover, these papers generally focus on a single PET radiopharmaceutical. With approx. 20 radiopharmaceuticals explained in detail and a wealth of images and clinical cases, the book represents a versatile, comprehensive and practice-oriented guide to PET imaging, pursuing a unique and novel approach to the clinical role of PET tracers.

The book’s didactic nature also makes it an invaluable tool for residents in nuclear medicine and radiology, as well as for radiographers and clinicians in radiotherapy, oncology, hematology, cardiology and neurology.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
1: 18F-FDG
1.1 Synthesis
1.2 Pharmacokinetics
1.3 Physiological Distribution
1.4 Clinical Indications
1.4.1 Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Lesions
1.4.2 Unknown Primary Tumor
1.4.3 Staging
1.4.4 Restaging
1.4.5 Assessment of Response to Therapy
1.4.6 Detection of Tumor Recurrence
1.4.7 Radiation Therapy Planning
1.4.8 Inflammation and Infection
1.4.9 Neuroimaging
1.4.10 Myocardial Viability
1.5 PET/CT Acquisition Protocols
1.6 PET/MRI
1.7 Variants and Pitfalls
References
2: 18F-DOPA
2.1 Synthesis
2.2 Pharmacokinetics
2.3 Physiological Distribution
2.4 Clinical Indications
2.4.1 Neuroendocrine Tumors
2.4.2 Neuro-oncological Imaging
2.4.3 Functional Neuroimaging
2.5 Clinical Cases
2.6 PET/CT Acquisition Protocols
2.7 Variants and Pitfalls
References
3: Lipogenesis Pathway: Radiolabeled Choline
3.1 Synthesis
3.2 Pharmacokinetics
3.3 Physiological Distribution
3.4 Clinical Indications
3.4.1 Prostate Cancer
3.4.2 Malignancies with High Lipogenesis Rate
3.4.3 Neuro-oncological Imaging
3.4.4 Functional Imaging
3.4.5 PET/MRI
3.5 Clinical Cases
3.6 PET/CT Acquisition Protocols
3.7 Variants and Pitfalls
References
4: 18F-FET
4.1 Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of 18F-FET
4.2 18F-FET PET Acquisition Protocols
4.3 Indications of 18F-FET PET
4.3.1 Evaluation of Brain Tumours by 18F-FET PET
4.3.2 Comparison of 18F-FET with Other PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Brain Tumour Imaging
References
5: 18F-NaF
5.1 Synthesis
5.2 Pharmacokinetics
5.3 Physiological Distribution
5.4 Clinical Indications
5.4.1 Bone Metastases
5.4.2 Benign Bone Disease
5.4.3 Forensic Use
5.5 Clinical Cases
5.6 PET/CT Acquisition Protocols
5.7 Variants and Pitfalls
References
6: Somatostatin Receptor Analogs (68Ga-DOTATOC, 68Ga-DOTANOC, 68Ga-DOTATATE)
6.1 Synthesis
6.2 Pharmacokinetics
6.3 Physiological Distribution
6.4 Indications
6.4.1 Diagnosis, Staging, and Restaging of NET
6.4.2 Selection for Therapy
6.4.3 Assessment of the Response After Treatment
6.4.4 Tumors Other than Pulmonary and Gastrointestinal NETs
6.4.5 Combined Use of 18F-FDG and 68GA-DOTA-Peptides
6.5 Clinical Cases
6.6 PET/CT Acquisition Protocols
6.7 Variants and Pitfalls
References
7: 64Cu-Radiopharmaceuticals
7.1 Copper: Physical and Biological Properties
7.2 Copper Chemistry
7.2.1 64Cu Coordination Numbers and Chelators
7.2.2 Criticisms for Copper Labeling
7.2.3 Copper Chelators
7.3 Copper-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals
7.3.1 64Cu-PSMA
7.3.2 64Cu-ATSM
7.3.3 64Cu-DOTANOC and 64Cu-DOTATATE
References
8: Amyloid Imaging
8.1 Synthesis
8.2 Pharmacokinetics
8.3 Physiological Distribution
8.4 Clinical Indications
8.4.1 Mild Cognitive Impairment
8.4.2 Alzheimer Disease and Other Kinds of Dementia
8.5 Clinical Cases
8.6 PET/CT Acquisition Protocols
8.7 Variants and Pitfalls
References
9: PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: 82Rb
9.1 PET Myocardial Perfusion Tracers: Introduction
9.1.1 Labeled Water (15O-H2O)
9.1.2 13N Ammonia (13N-NH3)
9.2 Rubidium-82
9.2.1 Production and Kinetic
9.2.2 CardioGen-82® Quality Control Procedures
9.3 82Rb-PET/CT: Protocols
9.4 82Rb-PET/CT MBF—MFR
9.5 82Rb PET MPI Versus SPECT MPI
9.6 Clinical Applications
9.6.1 Multimodality Technique PET/CT
9.6.2 82Rb PET/CT in Obstructive and Nonobstructive CAD
9.6.3 82Rb PET/CT: Acute Coronary Syndrome
9.6.4 82Rb PET/CT: Heart Transplant
9.6.5 Myocardial Viability: A Look to the Past and Directions for the Future with 82Rb PET/CT
9.7 Costs
9.8 Dosimetry
9.9 Future Directions in Oncology
Clinical Case N. 1: Follow-Up of Revascularized MVD: Capability of 82Rb PET/CT in Evaluating Transient ISCHEMIA Target for Vessel
Clinical Case N. 2: Match Normoperfusion, No Significant Calcific Atheromasia
Clinical Case N. 3: Transient Ischemia and Coronary Artery Calcific Atheromasia
Clinical Case N. 4: Obstructive CAD
Clinical Case N. 5: LV Pseudoaneurysm
Clinical Case N. 6: 82Rb PET/CT in the Monitoring the Efficacy of Medical Therapy versus Progression Disease
Clinical Case N. 7: Ischemic, Dysfunctional CMD Associated with Balanced Ischemia
Clinical Case N. 8: 82Rb PET/CT MPI—Impaired Regional LV MBF
Clinical Case N. 9: 82Rb PET/CT in the Emergency of Cath-lab
References
10: The Bone Pathway: 223Ra-Dichloride
10.1 Background
10.2 223Ra and Pharmacokinetic
10.2.1 Isotope
10.2.2 Advantages of Alpha Particles
10.2.3 Xofigo
10.2.4 Radiation Protection Aspects
10.2.5 Pharmacokinetic
10.3 Dosimetric Distribution
10.3.1 Adverse Reaction
10.4 Clinical Indications
10.4.1 Phase II and III Trial
10.4.2 Clinical Issues
10.5 Planar Acquisition Protocols
10.6 Last Evidences
10.7 Future Trends
References
11: 11C-Methionine
11.1 Synthesis
11.2 Pharmacokinetics
11.3 Physiological Distribution
11.4 Exam technique
11.5 Indications
11.5.1 Primary Brain Tumors
11.5.2 Metastases
11.5.3 Radiation Treatment Planning
11.5.4 Response to Therapy
11.5.5 Brain Tumor Recurrence versus Post-radiotherapy Necrosis
11.6 Variants and Pitfalls
11.7 New Trend
11.7.1 Myocardial Infarction
11.7.2 Hyperparathyroidism
11.7.3 Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer
11.7.4 Multiple Myeloma and Lymphoma
References
12: 68Ga-PSMA
12.1 Synthesis
12.2 Pharmacokinetics
12.3 Physiological Distribution
12.4 Clinical Indications
12.5 PET Radioligands for Prostate Cancer Imaging
12.6 Clinical Cases
12.7 PET/CT Acquisition Protocols
12.8 Variants and Pitfalls
References
13: PET Biomarkers for Tau Pathology
13.1 Tau PET Tracers
13.1.1 Synthesis
13.1.2 Pharmacokinetics
13.1.3 Physiological Distribution
13.1.4 Indications
13.1.5 Clinical Cases
13.1.6 Acquisition Protocols
13.1.7 Variants and Pitfalls
References