RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION FUNDAMENTALS

✍ Scribed by ARTEM SAAKIAN

• Publisher: ARTECH HOUSE
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 439
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Radio Wave Propagation Fundamentals Second Edition
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Brief Historical Overview
1.2 Classification of Radio Waves by Frequency Bands
1.3 The Earth’s Atmosphere and Its Structure
1.4 Classification of Radio Waves by Its Propagation Mechanisms
1.5 Interferences in RF Transmission Links
References
Chapter 2 Basics of Electromagnetic Waves Theory
2.1 Electromagnetic Process
2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations of Electrodynamiscs
2.1.2 Boundary Conditions of Electrodynamics
2.1.3 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Process: Classification of Media by Conductivity
2.2 Free Propagation of Uniform Plane Radio Waves
2.2.1 Uniform Plane Wave in Lossless Medium
2.2.2 Uniform Plane Wave in Lossy Medium
2.3 Polarization of the Radio Waves
2.3.1 Basic Relationships
2.3.2 Linear Polarization (LP)
2.3.3 Circular Polarization
2.3.4 Elliptical Polarization
2.4 Reflection and Refraction of Plane Radio Wave from the Boundary
of Two Media
2.4.1 Introductory Remarks
2.4.2 Normal Incidence on a Plane Boundary
2.4.3 Oblique Incidence on a Plane Boundary
2.4.4 Power Reflection and Transmission
2.4.5 Reflection of the Radio Wave from the Boundary of Nonideal Dielectric Medium
2.5 Radiation from Infinitesimal Electric Current Source: Spherical
Waves
2.6 Spatial Area Significant for Radio Waves Propagation
2.6.1 Huygens’ Principle
2.6.2 Fresnel Zones
2.6.3 Knife-Edge Diffraction
2.6.4 Some Practical Applications of the Fresnel Zones Concept
References
Appendix 2A Useful Mathematical Relations
2A.1 Trigonometric Equalities
2A.2 Vector Analysis
Appendix 2B Basic Relations in Infinitesimal Electric Current Source
Radiation Analysis
2B.1 Helmholtz Equation for Vector Potential
2B.2 Radiation from the Electric Current Point Source
Appendix 2C Fresnel’s Integrals
Chapter 3
Basics of Antennas for RF Links
3.1 Brief Introduction
3.2 Basic Parameters of Antennas
3.2.1 Radiation Pattern and Directivity
3.2.2 Radiation Resistance, Loss Resistance, and Antenna Gain
3.2.3 Antenna Effective Length
3.2.4 Antenna Effective Area of the Aperture
3.3 General Relations in Radio Wave Propagation Theory
References
Appendix 3A Definition of the Antenna’s Far Field Zone
Chapter 4 Impact of the Earth Surface on Propagation of Ground Waves
4.1 Propagation Between Antennas Elevated Above the Earth’s Surface: Ray-Trace Approach
4.1.1 Flat Earth Approximation Case Study
4.1.2 Propagation over the Spherical Earth Surface
4.1.3 Specifics of Propagation over a Rough and Hilly Terrain
4.1.4 Optimal Path Clearance and Choice of the Antenna Elevations
4.1.5 Propagation Prediction Models in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas
4.2 Propagation Between Ground-Based Antennas over the Flat Earth
4.2.1 Antennas over the Infinite, Perfect Ground Plane
4.2.2 Leontovich Approximate Boundary Conditions and Structure of RadioWaves Near the Earth’s Surface
4.2.3 Propagation over the Real Homogeneous Flat Earth
4.2.4 Propagation Along the Real Inhomogeneous Flat Earth: Coastal Refraction
4.3 Asymptotic Diffraction Theory of Propagation over the Spherical Earth Surface
4.3.1 Basic Concepts
4.3.2 Propagation Between Ground-Based Antennas
4.3.3 Propagation Between Elevated Antennas
4.3.4 Specifics of Propagation Estimates in Penumbra Zone
References
Appendix 4A Input Impedance of the Radiating Current Element Above the PEC Ground Plane
Appendix 4B Diffraction of Radio Wave Around Earth’s Surface: Basic Theory
4B.1 General Solution of the Wave Equation Relevant to Propagation Factor
Appendix 4C Specifics of Ground Reflection Calculations Between Vertically Polarized Antennas
Appendix 4D Table of Roots (k) of Equation (4.56) for the Given Combination of p and x Parameters
Chapter 5 Atmospheric Effects in Radio Wave Propagation
5.1 Dielectric Permittivity and Conductivity of the Ionized Gas
5.2 Regular Refraction of the Radio Waves in the Atmosphere
5.3 Standard Atmosphere and Tropospheric Refraction
5.4 Reflection and Refraction of the Sky Waves in the Ionosphere
5.5 The Impact of the Earth’s Magnetic Field on Propagation of the Radio Waves in the Ionosphere
5.5.1 Propagation Along Geomagnetic Field Lines
5.5.2 Propagation Perpendicular to Geomagnetic Field Lines
5.5.3 Propagation of the Radio Wave Arbitrary Oriented Relative to the Earth’s Magnetic Field
5.5.4 Reflection and Refraction of the Radio Waves in the Magneto-Active Ionosphere
5.6 Specifics of Ionospheric Propagation of ELF and VLF in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide
5.6.1 General Remarks
5.6.2 Propagation of ELF Signals
5.6.3 Propagation of LF and VLF Signals: High-Order Modes
5.7 Over-the-Horizon Propagation of the Radio Waves by the Tropospheric Scattering Mechanism
5.7.1 Secondary Tropospheric Radio Links
5.7.2 Analytical Approaches in Description of the Random Tropospheric Scatterings
5.7.3 Physical Interpretation of Tropospheric Scatterings
5.7.4 Effective Scattering Cross-Section of the Turbulent Troposphere
5.7.5 Statistical Models of Tropospheric Turbulences
5.7.6 Propagation Factor on Secondary Tropospheric Radio Links
5.7.7 The Specifics of the Secondary Tropospheric Radio Links Performance
5.8 Attenuation of the Radio Waves in the Atmosphere
5.8.1 Attenuations in Troposphere
5.8.2 Attenuations in Ionosphere
References
Appendix 5A Volumetric Spectrum for Autocorrelation Function of
Statistically Homogeneous and Isotropic Random Field
Appendix 5B Some Theoretical Aspects of the Ionospheric Layers Generation
5B.1 Ionospheric Gaseous Composition and Physical Processes Related to Ionospheric Propagation
5B.2 Chapman Model and Structure of the Real Ionosphere
Appendix 5C Plane Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Magnetoactive Plasma of Ionosphere
5C.1 General Relations
5C.2 Propagation Along Geomagnetic Field Lines
5C.3 Propagation Across Geomagnetic Field Lines
Chapter 6
Fluctuation Processes, RF-Link Stability Analysis and Radio Wave Reception
6.1 Multiplicative Interferences (Signal Fades)
6.1.1 Fluctuation Processes and Stability of Radio Links
6.1.2 Fast Fading Statistical Distributions
6.1.3 Slow Fading Statistical Distribution
6.1.4 Combined Distribution of Fast and Slow Fades
6.2 Additive Interferences (Noises)
6.2.1 Internal Noises of One- and Two-Port Networks
6.2.2 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of the Cascaded Two-Port Networks
6.2.3 Noise Figure of the Passive Two-Port Network
6.2.4 Antenna Noise Temperature
6.2.5 Environmental (External) Noise
6.2.6 Basics of RF Link Performance Stability Analysis
6.3 Methods of Improvement of RF Systems Performance
6.3.1 Use of Noise Suppressing Modems for the Analog RF Links Performance Improvement
Problems
References
Selected Bibliography
Acronyms
List of Symbols
About the Author