Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Systems 2nd

✍ Scribed by Hooman Darabi

• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 784
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Glossary
Chapter 1 RF Components
1.1 Electric Fields and Capacitance
1.2 Magnetic Fields and Inductance
1.3 Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell Equations
1.4 Circuit Representation of Capacitors and Inductors
1.5 Distributed and Lumped Circuits
1.6 Energy and Power
1.7 LC and RLC Circuits
1.7.1 Lossless LC Resonator
1.7.2 Practical LC Resonator
1.7.3 Resonator Analysis Based on Energy Conservation
1.8 The Uniform Plane Wave
1.8.1 Wave Propagation in Free Space
1.8.2 Wave Propagation in a Good Conductor: Skin Effect
1.8.3 Power Considerations
1.9 Antennas
1.9.1 Antenna Basic Principles
1.9.2 Antenna Characteristics
1.10 Integrated Capacitors
1.11 Integrated Inductors
1.11.1 Spiral Inductors
1.11.2 Second-Order Effects
1.11.3 Differential Inductors
1.11.4 Transformers
1.11.5 Inductor Lumped Circuit Model
1.11.6 Fundamental versus Inductor Q Definitions
1.11.7 Transformer Modeling
1.12 Summary
1.13 Problems
1.14 References
Chapter 2 RF Signals and Systems
2.1 Fourier Transform and Fourier Series
2.2 Impulses
2.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals
2.4 Impulse Response
2.5 Network Functions
2.6 Hilbert Transform and Quadrature Signals
2.7 Stochastic Processes
2.7.1 Stationary Processes and Ergodicity
2.7.2 Gaussian Processes
2.7.3 Systems with Stochastic Inputs
2.7.4 Power Spectral Density
2.7.5 Filtered Random Processes
2.7.6 Cyclostationary Processes
2.8 Analog Linear Modulation
2.9 Analog Nonlinear Modulation
2.10 Modern Radio Modulation Scheme
2.11 Single-Sideband Receivers
2.12 Summary
2.13 Problems
2.14 References
Chapter 3 RF Networks
3.1 Introduction to Two-Ports
3.1.1 Two-Port Definition
3.1.2 Reciprocal Two-Ports
3.1.2.1 Reciprocity in Nonlinear and Time-Variant Networks
3.2 Available Power
3.2.1 Basic Concept
3.2.2 Unilateral Two-Ports
3.2.3 General Two-Port Available Power Gain
3.2.4 Reciprocal Networks
3.2.4.1 Available Power Gain of Reciprocal Networks
3.2.4.2 Lossless Reciprocal Networks
3.2.5 Stability of Two-Port Amplifiers
3.2.6 Maximum Power Gain
3.2.6.1 Reciprocal and Unilateral Two-Ports
3.3 Impedance Transformation
3.3.1 Lossless Matching Network Basic Properties
3.3.2 Wideband Transformers
3.3.3 Parallel–Series Circuits
3.3.4 Narrowband Transformers
3.4 Lossless Transmission Lines
3.4.1 Terminated Transmission Lines
3.4.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
3.4.3 Transmission Line Input Impedance
3.4.4 Transmission Lines Transient Response
3.5 Low-Loss Transmission Lines
3.5.1 Reasons for Adopting 50Ω
3.6 Receive–Transmit Antennas as Two-Port Circuits
3.6.1 Antenna Effective Area
3.6.2 Friis Transmission Formula
3.7 Smith Chart
3.8 Scattering Parameters
3.8.1 Basic Properties of Scattering Parameters
3.8.2 Two-Port Stability Using S Parameters
3.9 Differential Two-Ports
3.10 Summary
3.11 Problems
3.12 References
Chapter 4 RF and IF Filters
4.1 Ideal Filters
4.2 Doubly Terminated LC Filters
4.2.1 Transducer Parameters
4.2.2 Relation between Transducer and Immittance Parameters
4.2.3 Transducer Parameters Properties
4.2.3.1 Positive Real Property
4.2.3.2 Realizability Conditions for Transducer Parameters
4.2.3.3 Physical Interpretation of the Poles and Zeros of Transducer Function
4.2.4 Specifying the Filter
4.2.4.1 Maximally Flat Approximation
4.2.4.2 Equal Ripple Approximation
4.2.4.3 General Stopband Filters
4.2.5 LC Filter Design
4.2.6 Scaling Filters
4.2.7 Bandpass LC Filters
4.3 Active Filters
4.3.1 Active Filters Ladder Design
4.3.2 Active Filters Cascaded Design
4.3.3 Nonideal Effects in Active Filters
4.4 Surface and Bulk Acoustic Wave Filters
4.4.1 Filter Structure
4.4.2 Resonator Physical Implementation
4.4.3 Comparison between FBAR and SAW Filters
4.5 Duplexers
4.6 N-Path Filters
4.7 Quadrature Filters
4.7.1 Passive Polyphase Filters
4.7.2 Active Polyphase Filters
4.7.3 Quadrature Generation
4.7.4 Polyphase Filters Application in Single-Sideband Receivers
4.8 Summary
4.9 Problems
4.10 References
Chapter 5 Noise
5.1 Types of Noise
5.1.1 Thermal Noise
5.1.2 White Noise and Noise Bandwidth
5.1.3 Inductors and Capacitors Noise
5.1.4 Passive Lossy Network Noise
5.1.5 MOSFET Thermal Noise
5.1.6 Flicker Noise
5.1.7 Cyclostationary Noise
5.2 Two-Port Equivalent Noise
5.3 Noise Figure
5.4 Minimum NF
5.5 Impact of Feedback on Noise Figure
5.5.1 Ideal Feedback
5.5.2 Passive Lossless Feedback
5.6 Noise Figure of Cascade of Stages
5.7 Phase Noise
5.8 Sensitivity
5.9 Noise Figure Measurements
5.10 Summary
5.11 Problems
5.12 References
Chapter 6 Distortion
6.1 Blockers in Wireless Systems
6.2 Full-Duplex Systems and Coexistence
6.3 Small Signal Nonlinearity
6.3.1 Input Intercept Point
6.3.2 IIP3 of Cascade of Stages
6.3.3 Second-Order Distortion
6.3.4 Fifth-Order Intercept Point
6.3.5 Cross-Modulation
6.3.6 Impact of Feedback on Linearity
6.3.7 Dynamic Range
6.4 Large Signal Nonlinearity
6.5 Reciprocal Mixing
6.6 Harmonic Mixing
6.7 Transmitter Nonlinearity Concerns
6.7.1 Output Power
6.7.2 Transmitter Mask
6.7.3 Transmitter Signal Quality
6.7.4 Switching Spectrum and Time-Domain Mask
6.7.5 AM–AM and AM–PM in Transmitters
6.7.6 Pulling in Transmitters
6.8 Summary
6.9 Problems
6.10 References
Chapter 7 Low-Noise Amplifiers
7.1 Matching Requirements
7.2 RF Tuned Amplifiers
7.3 Common-Source and Common-Gate LNAs
7.4 Shunt Feedback LNAs
7.4.1 Resistive Feedback with Large Loop Gain
7.4.2 CS Cascode LNA
7.5 Series Feedback LNAs
7.6 Feedforward LNAs
7.7 LNA Practical Concerns
7.7.1 Gate Resistance
7.7.2 Cascode Noise Degradation and Gain Loss
7.7.3 Substrate Impact
7.7.4 LNA Biasing
7.7.5 Linearity
7.7.6 Magnetic Coupling between the Inductors
7.7.7 Gain Control
7.8 LNA Power–Noise Optimization
7.9 Signal and Power Integrity
7.9.1 Power Lines
7.9.2 Coupling and Shielding
7.9.2.1 Capacitive Coupling
7.9.2.2 Magnetic Coupling
7.9.3 Inductor Shield Case Study
7.10 LNA Design Case Study
7.11 Summary
7.12 Problems
7.13 References
Chapter 8 Mixers
8.1 Mixers Fundamentals
8.1.1 Mixer Operation from System Point of View
8.1.2 Mixer Basic Circuit Operation
8.2 Evolution of Mixers
8.3 Active Mixers
8.3.1 Active Mixers Linearity
8.3.2 Active Mixers 1/f Noise Analysis
8.3.3 Active Mixers White Noise Analysis
8.3.4 Active Mixers 2nd-Order Distortion
8.4 Passive Current-Mode Mixers
8.4.1 LO Duty Cycle Concerns
8.4.2 M-Phase Mixers
8.4.3 Passive Mixer Exact Operation
8.4.4 Passive Mixer Noise
8.4.5 Passive Mixer Linearity
8.4.6 Passive Mixer 2nd-Order Distortion
8.4.7 TIA and gm Cell Design
8.5 Passive Voltage-Mode Mixers
8.6 Transmitter Mixers
8.6.1 Active Upconversion Mixers
8.6.2 Passive Upconversion Mixers
8.7 Harmonic Folding in Transmitter Mixers
8.8 LNA/Mixer Case Study
8.8.1 Circuit Analysis
8.8.2 Design Methodology
8.9 Summary
8.10 Problems
8.11 References
Chapter 9 Oscillators
9.1 The Linear LC Oscillator
9.1.1 The Feedback Model
9.1.2 Phase Noise in the Linear Oscillator
9.1.3 Efficiency
9.1.4 Oscillator Figure of Merit
9.2 The Nonlinear LC Oscillator
9.2.1 Intuitive Understanding
9.2.2 Power Conservation Requirements
9.2.3 Oscillation Amplitude
9.3 Phase Noise Analysis of the Nonlinear LC Oscillator
9.3.1 Defining Phase, Frequency, and Amplitude Noise
9.3.2 Similarity of FM and PM Noise
9.3.3 Recognizing AM and PM Sidebands
9.3.4 Decomposing an SSB into AM and PM Sidebands
9.3.5 Cyclostationary Noise
9.3.6 Noise Passing through a Nonlinearity
9.3.7 Reaction of Noiseless Oscillator to an External Noise
9.3.8 Bank's General Result
9.3.9 Two-Port Oscillators
9.4 LC Oscillator Topologies
9.4.1 The Standard NMOS Topology
9.4.2 The Standard CMOS Topology
9.4.3 The Colpitts Topology
9.4.4 Oscillator Design Methodology
9.4.5 Optimum Tank Q
9.5 Q-Degradation
9.6 Frequency Modulation Effects
9.6.1 Nonlinear Capacitance
9.6.2 Effective Nonlinear Capacitance
9.6.2.1 Graphical Interpretation
9.6.2.2 Mathematical Expression
9.6.3 Groszkowski Effect
9.6.4 Supply Pushing
9.7 More LC Oscillator Topologies
9.7.1 The Standard Topology with Noise Filter
9.7.2 The Class C Topology
9.8 Ring Oscillators
9.8.1 Basic Operation
9.8.2 Estimating Phase Noise in Hard-Switching Circuits
9.8.3 Simple Ring Oscillator Noise Model
9.8.4 Phase Noise of a Single Inverter
9.8.5 Ring Oscillator and LC Oscillator Comparison
9.9 Quadrature Oscillators
9.9.1 Modes of Oscillation
9.9.2 Quadrature Accuracy Due to Mismatches
9.9.3 Phase Noise Analysis
9.10 Crystal and FBAR Oscillators
9.10.1 Crystal Model
9.10.2 Practical Crystal Oscillators
9.10.3 Tuning Requirements
9.10.4 FBAR Oscillators
9.11 Summary
9.12 Problems
9.13 References
Chapter 10 PLLs and Synthesizers
10.1 Phase-Locked Loops Basics
10.1.1 Phase Detectors
10.2 Type I PLLs
10.2.1 PLL Qualitative Analysis
10.2.2 PLL Linear Model
10.3 Type II PLLs
10.3.1 Phase-Frequency Detection
10.3.2 Charge Pump
10.3.2.1 Charge Pump Circuit Implementation
10.3.2.2 Charge Pump Modeling
10.3.3 Type II PLL Analysis and Nonideal Effects
10.4 Integer-N Frequency Synthesizers
10.4.1 Signal Transfer Functions
10.4.2 Noise Sources in Synthesizer
10.5 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers
10.5.1 Noise Shaping
10.5.2 Higher Order Δ–Σ Modulators
10.5.3 Δ–Σ Modulator Nonideal Effects
10.5.3.1 Low-Frequency Tones and Dithering
10.5.3.2 Charge Pump Nonlinearity
10.5.3.3 Out-of-Band Noise
10.6 Frequency Dividers
10.6.1 Latches and D Flip-Flops
10.6.2 Dual-Modulus Dividers
10.6.3 Multi-Modulus Dividers
10.7 Introduction to Digital PLLs
10.7.1 Time-to-Digital Converters
10.7.1.1 TDC Circuit Realization
10.7.2 Digital Loop Filters
10.7.3 Digitally Controlled Oscillators
10.7.4 DPLL Linear Analysis
10.8 Summary
10.9 Problems
10.10 References
Chapter 11 Power Amplifiers
11.1 General Considerations
11.2 Class A PAs
11.3 Class B PAs
11.4 Class C PAs
11.5 Class D PAs
11.6 Class D Digital PAs
11.6.1 Practical Limitations of DPA
11.7 Class E PAs
11.8 Class F PAs
11.9 PA Linearization Techniques
11.9.1 Predistortion
11.9.2 Envelope Elimination and Restoration
11.9.3 Envelope Tracking
11.9.4 Dynamic Biasing
11.9.5 Doherty Power Amplifier
11.10 Summary
11.11 Problems
11.12 References
Chapter 12 Transceiver Architectures
12.1 General Considerations
12.2 Receiver Architectures
12.2.1 Super-Heterodyne Receiver
12.2.2 Zero-IF Receivers
12.2.3 Low-IF Receivers
12.2.4 Weaver Receiver
12.2.5 Dual-Conversion Receivers
12.3 Blocker-Tolerant Receivers
12.3.1 Current-Mode Receivers
12.3.2 Mixer-First Receivers
12.3.3 Noise-Canceling Receivers
12.4 Receiver Filtering and ADC Design
12.5 Receiver Gain Control
12.6 Transmitter Architectures
12.6.1 Direct-Conversion Transmitters
12.6.2 Dual-Conversion Transmitters
12.6.3 Direct-Modulation Transmitters
12.6.4 Polar Transmitters
12.6.5 Outphasing Transmitters
12.7 Transceiver Practical Design Concerns
12.7.1 Receiver Case Study
12.7.2 Transmitter Case Study
12.7.3 SoC Concerns
12.7.4 Packaging Concerns
12.7.5 Variations
12.7.6 Product Qualification
12.7.7 Production Issues
12.8 Summary
12.9 Problems
12.10 References
Index