Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine : A Practical, Concise Guide

✍ Scribed by Gopal B. Saha

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 196
• Edition: 1st ed. 2019.
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
1: Basic Physics of Radiation Safety
1.1 Atomic and Nuclear Structure
1.2 Radioactive Decay
1.2.1 Spontaneous Fission
1.2.2 Alpha (α) Decay
1.2.3 Beta (β−) Decay
1.2.4 Positron (β+) Decay
1.2.5 Electron Capture
1.2.6 Isomeric Transition
1.3 Radioactive Decay Equation
1.3.1 Successive Decay Equation
1.3.1.1 Transient Equilibrium
1.3.1.2 Secular Equilibrium
1.4 Units of Radioactivity
1.5 Interaction of Radiations with Matter
1.5.1 Interaction of Particulate Radiations
1.5.1.1 Ranges
1.5.1.2 Specific Ionization
1.5.1.3 Annihilation Radiation
1.5.1.4 Bremsstrahlung
1.5.2 Interaction of γ Radiations with Matter
1.5.3 Attenuation of γ Radiation
1.5.4 Linear Energy Transfer
1.6 Counting Statistics
1.6.1 Poisson Distribution
1.6.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of Counts
1.6.3 Error, Precision, and Accuracy
1.6.4 Gaussian Distribution
1.6.5 Standard Deviation of Count Rate
1.6.6 Propagation of Errors
1.6.7 Minimum Detectable Activity
References and Suggested Reading
2: Essential Equipment in Radiation Safety
2.1 Gas-Filled Detector
2.1.1 Ion Chamber Survey Meter
2.1.2 Dose Calibrator
2.1.3 Pocket Dosimeter
2.1.4 Proportional Counter
2.1.5 Geiger-Muller Counter
2.2 Scintillation Counter
2.2.1 Well Counter
2.2.2 Liquid Scintillation Counter
2.3 Film Badge
2.4 Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter
2.5 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
2.6 Electronic Digital Dosimeter
2.7 Neutron Detector
References and Suggested Reading
3: Radiation Units, Radiation Exposure, and Absorbed Dose
3.1 Radiation Units
3.2 Radiation Exposure
3.2.1 Sources of Radiation
3.2.2 Planned Special Exposure
3.3 Absorbed Dose
3.3.1 External Dosimetry
3.3.2 Internal Dosimetry
3.3.3 Dose Limits to Radiation Workers and Others
3.4 Effective Dose Equivalent and Effective Dose
3.5 Reporting
References and Suggested Reading
4: Radiation Protection
4.1 Principles of Radiation Protection
4.1.1 Time
4.1.2 Distance
4.1.3 Shielding
4.1.4 Dos and Don’ts in Radiation Protection Practice
4.2 NRC Regulations of Radiation Protection
4.2.1 Definition of Specific Terms
4.2.2 Caution Signs
4.2.3 Posting Requirement
4.2.4 Labeling Requirement
4.2.5 ALARA Program
4.3 Security Control of High Radiation Areas
4.4 Use of Individual Respiratory Protection Equipment
4.5 Receiving and Monitoring of Radioactive Package
4.6 Requirement of Monitoring of Occupational Doses to Radiation Workers
4.7 Bioassay
4.8 Decommissioning of Radiation Laboratory
4.8.1 At Least 4 Weeks Ahead
4.8.2 2 Weeks Ahead
4.8.3 Closure
4.9 Verification Card for Radioactive Patient
4.10 Radiation Phobia
4.11 Reportable Events
4.12 Notification of Incidents
References and Suggested Reading
5: Regulatory Framework for Radiation Protection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Licensing
5.2.1 Agreement State
5.2.2 General Domestic License for In Vitro Testing
5.2.3 Specific Domestic License of Limited Scope
5.2.4 Specific Domestic License of Broad Scope
5.2.5 Application for Specific License
5.3 PET Radiopharmaceuticals
5.4 Radioactive Drug Research Committee
5.5 Accreditation of Nuclear Medicine Facility
5.5.1 Accreditation by IACNL
5.5.2 Accreditation by ACR
References and Suggested Reading
6: Medical Uses of Radioactive Materials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Application for License or Renewal
6.3 License, Amendment and Notification
6.4 Authorities and Responsibilities for Radiation Protection Program
6.4.1 Radiation Safety Officer
6.4.2 Radiation Safety Committee
6.5 Supervision
6.6 Training, Retraining, and Instructions to Workers
6.7 Written Directives
6.8 Authorization for Calibration, Transmission, and Reference Sources
6.9 Requirements for Possession of Sealed Sources
6.10 Sterile Preparation of Radioactive Drugs
6.11 Measurement of Dosage of Radiopharmaceutical for Patients
6.12 Permissible Concentration of 99Mo, 82Sr, and 85Sr in Radionuclide Generators
6.13 Use of Unsealed Byproduct Material Not Requiring Written Directive
6.14 Labeling of Vials and Syringes
6.15 Possession and Calibration of Survey Meter
6.16 Survey of Ambient Exposure Rate
6.17 Survey for Removable Contamination
6.18 Medical Mobile Service
6.19 Medical Uses of Byproduct Materials
6.20 Report and Notification of a Medical Event
6.21 Report and Notification of Dose to Embryo/Fetus or Nursing Child
6.22 Record Keeping
References and Suggested Reading
7: Training and Experience of Authorized Personnel
7.1 Preamble
7.2 Training for Radiation Safety Officer and  Associate Radiation Safety Officer
7.3 Training for Authorized Medical Physicist
7.4 Training for Authorized Nuclear Pharmacist
7.5 Training for Authorized Users (Physicians)
7.5.1 Training for Uptake, Dilution, and Excretion Studies
7.5.2 Training for Use of Unsealed Byproduct Material for Imaging and Localization Studies
7.5.3 Training for Use of Unsealed Byproduct Material for Which a Written Directive Is Required
7.5.4 Training for Oral Administration of 131I-NaI Requiring a Written Directive in Quantities Less Than or Equal to 33 mCi (1.22 GBq) (per 10CFR35.392) and Greater Than 33 mCi (1.22 GBq) (per 10CFR35.394)
7.5.5 Training for the Parenteral Administration of Unsealed Byproduct Material Requiring a Written Directive
7.5.6 Training for Use of Manual Brachytherapy Sources
7.5.7 Training for Use of Sealed Sources for Diagnosis
7.6 Exemptions for Experienced RSO, AMP, AU, and ANP
7.7 Recentness of Training
References and Suggested Reading
8: Emergency Procedures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Procedures for Containment of Spill
8.3 Personnel Contamination with Serious Injury
8.4 Radiological Dispersal Device
8.4.1 Measures Following Explosion of Radiological Dispersal Device
8.4.2 Get Inside
8.4.3 Stay Inside
8.4.4 Stay Tuned
8.4.5 Other Protection Steps
8.4.6 Effect of RDD Dispersion
8.4.7 Measures to Prevent RDD
References and Suggested Reading
9: Management and Release of Patients Administered with Radioactivity
9.1 Diagnostic Patients
9.2 Therapeutic Patients
9.2.1 Therapy with Sealed Sources
9.2.2 Therapy with Unsealed Sources
9.3 Release of Patients Treated with 131I
References and Suggested Reading
10: Disposal of Radioactive Waste
10.1 Rationale for Radioactive Waste Disposal
10.1.1 Decay-in-Storage
10.1.2 Disposal by Incineration
10.1.3 Disposal of Radioactive Material into Sewerage
10.1.4 Transfer to Authorized Recipients
10.1.5 Other Disposal Methods
10.2 Special Situations for Disposal of Radioactive Waste
10.2.1 Disposal of Gaseous Waste
10.2.2 Disposal of Sealed Sources
10.2.3 Management of Cadavers Containing Radioactive Materials
10.3 Record Keeping
Reference and Suggested Reading
11: Transportation of Radioactive Material
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Definition
11.3 Packaging
11.3.1 Stability Tests for Packages
11.3.2 Labeling of Packages
11.4 Exemption for Limited Quantity of Radioactive Material
11.5 Empty Packaging
11.6 Vehicles for Transportation of Radioactive Material
11.7 Exemption for Licensed Physician
11.8 Employee Training
11.9 Record Keeping
References and Suggested Reading
12: Biological Effects of Radiation in Humans
12.1 Radiation Damage in Genes and Chromosomes
12.2 Factors Affecting Radiation Damage in Genes and Chromosomes
12.2.1 Dose and Dose Rate
12.2.2 Linear Energy Transfer
12.2.3 Radiosensitizer and Radioprotector
12.2.4 Cell Cycle
12.3 Acute Effects of Total-Body Irradiation
12.3.1 Hematopoietic Syndromes
12.3.2 Gastrointestinal Syndromes
12.3.3 Cerebrovascular Syndromes
12.4 Long-Term Effects of Radiation
12.4.1 Carcinogenesis
12.4.2 Dose-Response Relationship
12.4.3 Specific Cancers
12.5 Radiation Damage to Embryo and Fetus
12.5.1 Preimplantation Period
12.5.2 Major Organogenesis
12.5.3 Fetal Stage
12.6 Genetic Effects
12.7 Risk Versus Benefit in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures
References and Suggested Reading
Appendix A: Units and Constants
Energy
Charge
Mass and Energy
Length
Activity
Constants
Appendix B: Terms Used in the Text
Appendix C: Abbreviations Used in Text
Appendix D: Typical NRC Notification and Reporting Requirements for Different Situations
Appendix E: Radioactive Decay of 99mTc
Appendix F: Radioactive Decay of 131I
Appendix G: Radioactive Decay of 18F
Appendix H: Frequency of Essential Chores in Nuclear Medicine
Index