Radiation Detection for Nuclear Physics: Methods and Industrial Applications (Programme: IOP Expanding Physics)

✍ Scribed by David Jenkins

• Publisher: Iop Publishing Ltd
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 310
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Radiation detection is key to experimental nuclear physics as well as underpinning a wide range of applications in nuclear decommissioning, homeland security and medical imaging. This book presents the state-of-the-art in radiation detection of light and heavy ions, beta particles, gamma rays and neutrons. The underpinning physics of different detector technologies is presented, and their performance is compared and contrasted. Detector technology likely to be encountered in contemporary international laboratories is also emphasized. There is a strong focus on experimental design and mapping detector technology to the needs of a particular measurement problem. This book will be invaluable to PhD students in experimental nuclear physics and nuclear technology, as well as undergraduate students encountering projects based on radiation detection for the first time.

Key Features

• Provides clear, concise descriptions of key detection techniques
• Describes detector types with "telescopic depth", so readers can go as deep as they wish
• Covers real-world applications including short case studies in industry

✦ Table of Contents

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Author biography
David Jenkins
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Nuclear structure and radioactive decay
1.1 Introduction to basic atomic and nuclear structure
1.1.1 The atomic nucleus
1.1.2 What drives nuclear stability?
1.1.3 Liquid drop model
1.1.4 Nuclear shell model
1.2 Radioactive decay
1.2.1 Basic definitions
1.3 Alpha decay
1.3.1 Fine structure in alpha decay
1.3.2 Prompt proton emission
1.3.3 Conclusions on alpha decay and implications for measurements
1.4 Beta decay
1.4.1 β− decay
1.4.2 β+ decay
1.4.3 Electron capture
1.4.4 Fermi and Gamow–Teller decay
1.4.5 Conclusions on beta decay and implications for measurements
1.5 Fission
1.5.1 Conclusions on fission and implications for measurements
1.6 Excited states
1.7 Transitions between nuclear excited states: electromagnetic decay modes
1.7.1 Gamma decay
1.7.2 Lifetime of nuclear excited states
1.7.3 Internal conversion
1.7.4 Conclusions on gamma decay and implications for measurements
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Interaction of ionising radiation with matter
2.1 General remarks
2.2 Protons, alpha particles and heavy ions
2.2.1 Fundamentals of stopping power theory
2.2.2 Low-velocity ions
2.2.3 Range
2.2.4 Bragg peak
2.2.5 Straggling
2.2.6 Channeling
2.2.7 Delta electrons
2.2.8 Simulation of energy loss, range and straggling
2.3 Electrons and positrons
2.3.1 Electrons
2.3.2 Positrons
2.3.3 Tools for evaluating electron/positron ranges
2.3.4 Cherenkov radiation
2.4 Gamma rays
2.4.1 Photoelectric absorption
2.4.2 Compton scattering
2.4.3 Pair production
2.5 Neutrons
2.5.1 Fast neutrons
2.5.2 Thermal neutrons
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Radioactive sources in the laboratory
3.1 Radioactive sources
3.1.1 Alpha sources
3.1.2 Beta sources
3.1.3 Gamma-ray sources
3.1.4 Conversion-electron sources
3.1.5 Neutron sources
3.2 Laboratory methods for studying exotic nuclei, nuclear reactions and nuclear excited states
3.3 Stable beam methods
3.3.1 Fusion-evaporation reaction
3.4 Radioactive beams
3.4.1 In-flight technique
3.4.2 ISOL technique
3.4.3 Experimental techniques with low energy or stopped radioactive beams
3.4.4 Experimental techniques with re-accelerated radioactive beams
3.4.5 Coulomb excitation
3.4.6 Single particle transfer
3.5 Neutron-induced reaction studies
3.5.1 Neutron time-of-flight measurements
3.5.2 Fast neutron beams
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 The right detector for the job
4.1 Considerations in designing a detector setup
4.1.1 Energy resolution
4.1.2 Timing resolution
4.1.3 Counting rates
4.1.4 Detector efficiency
4.1.5 Angular coverage and detector geometry
4.1.6 Dynamic range
4.2 Detector design and modelling
4.2.1 GEANT4
4.2.2 MCNP
4.3 Overview of major detector types
4.3.1 Gas-filled detectors
4.3.2 Scintillator detectors
4.3.3 Semiconductor detectors
4.4 Map of detector technologies to different applications
4.4.1 Alpha particles
4.4.2 Beta particles and conversion electrons
4.4.3 Gamma rays
4.4.4 Neutrons
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Scintillator detectors for gamma-ray detection
5.1 Inorganic scintillator detectors
5.1.1 Key parameters of scintillators
5.1.2 Typical inorganic scintillators
5.1.3 Phoswich detectors
5.2 Recent advances in scintillator technology
5.2.1 Next-generation scintillators available commercially
5.2.2 Future prospects
5.3 Photosensors for scintillation light collection
5.3.1 Photomultiplier tubes
5.3.2 Solid state light sensors: photodiodes
5.3.3 Silicon photomultipliers
5.3.4 Simulation of scintillators and SiPMs
5.4 Scintillator detector arrays
5.4.1 Total absorption spectrometers
5.4.2 Next-generation scintillator arrays
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Semiconductor detectors for gamma-ray detection
6.1 Germanium detectors—an overview
6.2 Hyperpure germanium detectors
6.2.1 Detector fabrication
6.2.2 Depletion depth
6.2.3 Principle of operation
6.2.4 Pulse shapes
6.3 Key parameters for germanium detectors
6.3.1 Energy resolution
6.3.2 Timing resolution
6.3.3 Peak-to-total
6.3.4 Linearity/calibration
6.3.5 Efficiency
6.3.6 Neutron damage
6.4 Principal classes of germanium detector
6.4.1 Types of hyperpure germanium detector
6.4.2 Germanium detector arrays
6.5 Improving germanium detector performance
6.5.1 Compton suppression
6.5.2 Gamma-ray tracking
6.6 Room temperature semiconductor detectors for gamma rays
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Applications of gamma-ray detection for society, medicine and other areas of science
7.1 Homeland security
7.1.1 Dirty bomb detection
7.1.2 Gamma-ray imaging
7.2 Nuclear decommissioning
7.3 Environmental monitoring
7.4 Oil and gas, mineral exploration
7.4.1 Sub-sea CT imaging
7.4.2 Borehole logging
7.5 Medical imaging
7.5.1 PET
7.5.2 SPECT
7.5.3 Diagnostics for ion-beam therapy
7.6 Gamma-ray astronomy
7.6.1 Compton camera for gamma-ray astronomy
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Charged particle detection
8.1 Alpha and heavy ion detection
8.1.1 Counting charged particles
8.2 Spectroscopy of charged particles: silicon detectors
8.2.1 Fabrication and design of silicon detectors
8.2.2 Identifying charged particles with silicon detectors
8.2.3 Obtaining position sensitivity within silicon detectors
8.2.4 Double-sided silicon strip detectors
8.2.5 Specialist applications of silicon detectors—storage rings
8.2.6 Operation and calibration of silicon detectors
8.2.7 Alternatives to silicon
8.3 Applications relevant to fission
8.3.1 Counting fission events
8.3.2 Identifying the fission fragment mass distribution
8.3.3 Determining both A and Z of fission fragments
8.3.4 Societal applications of alpha particle/heavy-ion detection
8.4 β+/− and electron detection
8.4.1 Beta decay spectroscopy
8.4.2 Conversion electron spectroscopy
8.4.3 Pair spectrometer
8.4.4 Societal applications of beta detection
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Neutron detectors
9.1 Fast neutron detectors
9.1.1 Liquid scintillator detectors
9.1.2 Plastic scintillator detectors
9.1.3 Emerging alternatives for fast neutron detection
9.2 Thermal neutron detectors
9.2.1 3He gas-filled proportional counter
9.2.2 3He replacements
9.3 Industrial and security applications of neutron detection
9.3.1 Homeland security
9.3.2 Borehole logging
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Readout electronics and data analysis
10.1 Strategy for electronics readout of detectors
10.2 Analogue electronics
10.2.1 Charge-sensitive preamplifier and signal chain
10.2.2 Pulse shaping amplifier
10.2.3 Analogue-to-digital conversion
10.2.4 Charge-to-digital-converter (QDC)
10.2.5 Timing chain
10.2.6 Concept of a trigger
10.2.7 Compactified read-out systems: ASICs
10.2.8 Dead time and pile-up
10.3 Digital data acquisition
10.3.1 Pulse processing
10.3.2 Timestamping, rates and triggerless acquisition
10.4 Data analysis
10.4.1 ROOT
10.4.2 Further selected examples of data analysis software
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Closing remarks
APP1.pdf
Chapter
A.1 Nuclear structure models
A.2 Nuclear astrophysics
A.3 Radiation detectors and applications
A.4 Statistics