Quality Aspects in Spatial Data Mining

✍ Scribed by Alfred Stein, Wenzhong Shi, Wietske Bijker

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 365
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Describes the State-of-the-Art in Spatial Data Mining, Focuses on Data Quality Substantial progress has been made toward developing effective techniques for spatial information processing in recent years. This science deals with models of reality in a GIS, however, and not with reality itself. Therefore, spatial information processes are often imprecise, allowing for much interpretation of abstract figures and data. Quality Aspects in Spatial Data Mining introduces practical and theoretical solutions for making sense of the often chaotic and overwhelming amount of concrete data available to researchers. In this cohesive collection of peer-reviewed chapters, field authorities present the latest field advancements and cover such essential areas as data acquisition, geoinformation theory, spatial statistics, and dissemination. Each chapter debuts with an editorial preview of each topic from a conceptual, applied, and methodological point of view, making it easier for researchers to judge which information is most beneficial to their work. Chapters Evolve From Error Propagation and Spatial Statistics to Address Relevant Applications The book advises the use of granular computing as a means of circumventing spatial complexities. This counter-application to traditional computing allows for the calculation of imprecise probabilities – the kind of information that the spatial information systems community wrestles with much of the time. Under the editorial guidance of internationally respected geoinformatics experts, this indispensable volume addresses quality aspects in the entire spatial data mining process, from data acquisition to end user. It also alleviates what is often field researchers’ most daunting task by organizing the wealth of concrete spatial data available into one convenient source, thereby advancing the frontiers of spatial information systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover Page
......Page 1
Quality Aspects in Spatial Data Mining......Page 2
Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 9
Contributing Authors......Page 11
DATA QUALITY—A PERSPECTIVE......Page 16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 19
INTRODUCTION......Page 20
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 22
1.2 RELATED WORK......Page 23
1.3.1 VAGUE SPATIAL DATA TYPES......Page 24
1.3.2 VAGUE SPATIAL OPERATIONS......Page 25
1.3.3 VAGUE TOPOLOGICAL PREDICATES......Page 26
1.4.1 CRISP QUERIES OF VAGUE SPATIAL DATA......Page 27
1.4.2 A VAGUE QUERY LANGUAGE EXTENSION FOR VAGUE QUERIES ON VAGUE SPATIAL DATA......Page 30
1.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 34
2.2 ENGINEERING DESIGN DECISIONS......Page 36
2.3.1 DECISION TO ACQUIRE A PLOT OF LAND......Page 37
2.3 LEGAL DECISIONS......Page 38
2.4.2 BINARY DECISIONS......Page 39
2.4.4 ASSUMPTION......Page 40
2.6 CONCLUSION......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
CONTENTS......Page 44
3.2 BACKGROUND......Page 45
3.2.2 UNCERTAINTY AND IMPERFECTION......Page 46
3.2.3 SEMANTIC REFERENCE SYSTEMS......Page 47
3.3.1 MANIFOLD INTERPRETATION......Page 48
3.3.1.3 Open-Texture......Page 49
3.3.2.2 Vagueness......Page 50
3.4.1.3 Requirements Posed by Open Texture......Page 51
3.4.2.2 Requirements Posed by Vagueness......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 53
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 55
4.2 ONTOLOGY MAPPING AND DATA QUALITY......Page 56
4.3 A METAMODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF SEMANTIC MAPPING QUALITY......Page 57
4.4 SEMANTIC MAPPING MODEL ENHANCED WITH ELEMENTS OF QUALITY......Page 58
4.5.1 ELEMENTS OF QUALITY OF INPUT OF THE SEMANTIC MAPPING MODEL......Page 59
4.5.3 ELEMENTS OF QUALITY OF OUTPUT OF THE SEMANTIC MAPPING MODEL......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 62
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 64
5.3 THE FRAME OF THE DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY......Page 65
5.3.2 DEMPSTER’S RULE OF COMBINATION......Page 66
5.4.1 LOCAL APPROACH: DEFINITION OF THE FRAME OF DISCERNMENT......Page 67
5.4.2.1 The Geometrical Criterion......Page 68
5.4.3 COMBINATION OF THE CRITERIA AND CANDIDATES......Page 69
5.5 ANALYSIS OF RELIEF DATA AND RESULTS......Page 70
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
Section V: Communication......Page 0
INTRODUCTION......Page 73
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 75
6.2 A BRIEF REVIEW AND ANALYSIS......Page 76
6.3.2 OVERALL FLOWCHART OF THE PROPOSED SAMPLING METHOD......Page 77
6.3.3.2 Multiscale Filter and Extreme Point Seeking on the Survey Data......Page 79
6.3.4.1 Fitting Technique......Page 81
6.3.5 CONSTRUCTION OF ERROR SURFACE......Page 82
6.4 SIMULATION AND DISCUSSIONS......Page 83
6.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 89
7.2.1 STUDY AREA—THE JARDIM RIVER WATERSHED......Page 91
7.2.2 MODELING WATER TABLE DEPTHS—THE PIRFICT MODEL......Page 92
7.2.3 UNCERTAINTY MEASURES—SIMULATING WATER TABLE DEPTHS......Page 95
7.2.4 RISK MAPPING—REGIONALIZING SIMULATED WATER TABLE DEPTHS......Page 97
7.3.1 TIME SERIES MODELING......Page 98
7.3.2 SPATIAL INTERPOLATION......Page 100
7.3.3 CROSS-VALIDATION......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 106
8.2 DATA QUALITY......Page 107
8.3 IMPRECISE NUMBERS......Page 108
8.5 QUALITY OF CADASTRAL DATA......Page 109
8.6.2 LEGAL INFLUENCE......Page 110
8.7 MODELING USER NEEDS......Page 111
8.7.2 USERS OF THE SPATIAL REFERENCE......Page 112
8.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 115
9.2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND......Page 116
9.2.2 VARIOGRAM MODELS......Page 117
9.2.2.3 Linear Model......Page 118
9.2.4 CROSS-VALIDATION......Page 119
9.3.1 MODELING THE VARIOGRAM......Page 120
9.3.2 SELECTING THE BEST-FIT MODEL......Page 121
9.3.3.2 Comparison of Three Methods......Page 124
9.4 DISCUSSION......Page 125
9.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 126
9.6 FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
INTRODUCTION......Page 129
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 131
10.2.1 ERROR MODELS......Page 132
10.2.1.2 RTK-GPS......Page 134
10.2.2 SIMULATION OF MEASURED FIELD BOUNDARIES......Page 135
10.2.3 EFFECTS ON FIELD OPERATIONS......Page 136
10.3.1.1 EGNOS......Page 137
10.3.1.2 RTK-GPS......Page 138
10.3.3 EFFECTS ON FIELD OPERATIONS......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 143
CONTENTS......Page 145
11.1.1 THE MODELS INVESTIGATED FOR THIS CHAPTER......Page 146
11.1.1.2 The Mitscherlich Model......Page 147
11.2.1 SKEWED SPATIAL ERROR PATTERNS......Page 148
11.3.1.2 Implementation......Page 150
11.3.2.1 Theory......Page 151
11.3.3 IMPLEMENTATION......Page 152
11.4.1 CALCULATED N-AVAILABILITY RESULTS AND ASSOCIATED STATISTICS......Page 153
11.4.2 MITSHERLICH MODEL RESULTS AND ASSOCIATED STATISTICS......Page 154
11.4.3 ERROR RELATIVE TO R......Page 156
11.4.4 SKEW RELATIVE TO R......Page 157
11.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 160
12.2 SPATIAL DATA WEB SERVICES......Page 161
12.4 NETWORK HIERARCHY IN THE GPS AGE......Page 162
12.6 CRITERION FUNCTIONS......Page 163
12.7 GEOCENTRIC VARIANCE STRUCTURE OF A GPS NETWORK......Page 164
12.8 AFFINE TRANSFORMATION ONTO SUPPORT POINTS......Page 166
12.9 INTERPOINT VARIANCES......Page 169
12.10 THE CASE OF UNKNOWN POINT LOCATIONS......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 172
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 174
13.2 CHANGES OF THE VEGETATION INDEX PRODUCT IN COLLECTION 5......Page 176
13.3 TIME SERIES GENERATION......Page 177
13.4 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS......Page 178
13.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 184
REFERENCES......Page 185
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 188
14.1.1 MOTIVATION......Page 189
14.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 190
14.2.1 DEM DATA......Page 191
14.2.2 UNCERTAINTY MODEL......Page 192
14.2.3 ICE SHEET MODEL RUNS......Page 193
14.3.1.1 Error Properties......Page 194
14.3.1.2 Error Correlation......Page 195
14.3.1.3 Modeled Uncertainty Surfaces......Page 198
14.3.1.4 Sensitivity Study......Page 199
14.4.1 QUANTIFYING DEM ERROR......Page 200
14.4.2 DEVELOPING AN UNCERTAINTY MODEL......Page 202
14.4.3 CASE STUDY: ISM IN FENNOSCANDIA......Page 204
14.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 206
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
INTRODUCTION......Page 210
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 212
15.3.1 DATA......Page 213
15.3.2.2 Geostatistics Features......Page 215
15.4.1 RESULTS......Page 217
15.4.2 DISCUSSION......Page 219
REFERENCES......Page 222
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 224
16.2 RELATED WORK......Page 225
16.3.1 REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF DATA......Page 226
16.4 INTEGRATION OF DIFFERENT MEASURES......Page 227
16.5.1 BUILDINGS IN SCALES 1:10.000 AND 1:20.000......Page 228
16.5.2 LAND COVER POLYGONS FROM ATKIS: AGGREGATED DLM50 AND DLM250......Page 229
16.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 232
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 234
17.2 LIDAR DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS......Page 237
17.3.1 LAND SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION......Page 238
17.3.2 MATHEMATICAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 239
17.4.1 LIDAR DSM RESOLUTIONS......Page 240
17.4.2 EFFECTS OF DSM RESOLUTION......Page 241
17.4.3 EFFECTS OF LAND SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION......Page 243
17.4.4 EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 244
17.5 DISCUSSION......Page 246
17.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 251
18.2 BACKGROUND......Page 252
18.3 UNCERTAINTY......Page 253
18.4.1.2 Bayes vs. Dempster-Shafer......Page 255
18.5.1 EXTENT OF BOG ANNEX I HABITATS......Page 256
18.5.2 EXTENT OF BOG PRIORITY HABITAT......Page 257
18.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 260
REFERENCES......Page 261
CONTENTS......Page 263
19.2.1 THE IMPEDANCE MISMATCH METAPHOR......Page 264
19.2.2 IMPEDANCE MISMATCH BETWEEN GEOGRAPHIC DATASETS......Page 265
19.3.2 CATALOGS, METADATA, AND DATA STOREYS......Page 266
19.3.3.3 Step 3: Contents......Page 267
19.4.1 A REQUIREMENTS-DRIVEN VIEW OF THE THREE STEPS......Page 268
19.4.1.2 Classification of Datasets and Targets......Page 269
19.4.2.2 Level A2: Mediation Schema......Page 270
19.5.1 A SIMPLE EXAMPLE......Page 271
19.5.2 STEP-BY-STEP QUERIES......Page 272
19.5.2.2.2 Mappings and Algorithms......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
20.1.1 MOTIVATION AND CONTEXT......Page 276
20.2.1.1 Study Area......Page 278
20.2.2 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES......Page 279
20.3.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS......Page 281
20.3.2 VISUAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS......Page 282
20.3.3 ANALYSIS OF ERRORS......Page 285
20.3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS......Page 286
20.4 DISCUSSION......Page 288
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
INTRODUCTION......Page 293
21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 295
21.2.1 SPATIAL DATA QUALITY FOR THE CONSUMER......Page 296
21.2.2 CHOICE OF APPROPRIATE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES......Page 297
21.3.3 INTERVIEW PROCEDURE......Page 298
21.4 EXPERIENCES OF THE DATA CONSUMERS......Page 299
21.4.2 CONCLUSIONS CONSUMERS HAVE DRAWN......Page 300
21.4.3 SOME DECIDING FACTORS FOR CONSUMERS......Page 301
21.4.4 REACTIONS TO METADATA ON THE INTERNET......Page 302
21.5 A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR REAL-WORLD DETERMINATION OF SPATIAL DATA QUALITY......Page 303
21.5.2 OPINIONS OF OTHER PURCHASERS......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
22.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 307
22.2 ANALYSIS OF LONGER-TERM FOREST COVER CHANGE......Page 308
22.3 REVIEWING AND DISCUSSING STRATEGIES TO VISUALIZE GEODATA QUALITY......Page 310
22.4 DECIDING ON QUALITY PARAMETERS TO DESCRIBE THE GEODATA USED......Page 312
22.5 JUDGING THE GEODATA QUALITY......Page 313
22.6.1 GENERAL CARTOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR VISUALIZING GEODATA QUALITY IN A DIAGRAM......Page 316
22.6.2 COMBINING THE QUALITY PARAMETER INFORMATION IN A COMPLEX DIAGRAM......Page 319
22.6.3 THE FINAL DIAGRAM ADJUSTED TO THE QUALITY JUDGMENT AT HAND......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 321
CONTENTS......Page 324
23.1.1 SCALE-DEPENDENT FACTORS......Page 325
23.1.3 CHANGING SCALE-DEPENDENT FACTORS......Page 326
23.1.4 DATA......Page 327
23.2.2 POSTPROCESSING......Page 328
23.2.5 EXTENTS......Page 329
23.3 RESULTS......Page 330
23.3.2 MEAN PATCH AREA......Page 331
23.3.3 MEAN PATCH DENSITY......Page 332
23.3.4 ISOLATION AND PROXIMITY......Page 333
23.3.5 PERIMETER-TO-AREA RATIO......Page 334
23.5 CONCLUSION......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
24.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 338
24.2 REQUIREMENTS......Page 339
24.3 CHOICE OF RULES LANGUAGE......Page 340
24.3.1 PREDICATE TYPES......Page 341
24.3.3 RELATION TYPES......Page 342
24.4 EXAMPLES......Page 343
24.6 IMPLEMENTATION......Page 346
24.7 RESULTS......Page 348
24.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 353
GEOSPATIAL METADATA......Page 354
DECOUPLING......Page 357
SEPARABILITY......Page 358
GRANULARITY......Page 359
AUTOCORRELATION......Page 360
CROSS-CORRELATION......Page 361
AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH: WEB 2.0......Page 362
THE FUTURE OF SPATIAL DATA QUALITY RESEARCH......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 364