Pulse-width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters

✍ Scribed by Marian K. Kazimierczuk

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 810
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Marian provides in-depth view of all dc-dc converter topologies. You should DEFINETLY know your electronic basics however, before engaging into this book. This book is perfect for anyone who has knowledge of basic electronics and a vague knowledge of power supplies. Marian covers all topologies and includes in-depth graphs, schematics/circuits. Marian goes over IGBTs, mosfets, and PWM switching circuits and feedback loops. EVen though this is a beefy book, half of it is technical math/derivatives etc...i just skip that stuff, as i'm no engineer. but the non-math parts are very comprehensive. Soft-switching is covered later on as well as voltage and current control loops. however, no PWM IC example was covered, which was kinda dissappointing...not a big deal though, since this subject was basically covered during the feedback loop section in a component-level scope. voltage and current graphs on a pulse by pulse time base are covered per topology as well.

On a side note, i think the Abraham I. Pressman/Billings 3rd edition complements this book nicely, for a different view/less math approach...

✦ Table of Contents

Pulse-width Modulated DC–DC Power Converters......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 21
About the Author......Page 23
List of Symbols......Page 25
1.1 Classification of Power Supplies......Page 29
1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators......Page 31
1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC–DC Converters......Page 33
1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators......Page 34
1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators......Page 37
1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators......Page 40
1.7.1 Series Voltage Regulator......Page 41
1.7.2 Shunt Voltage Regulator......Page 42
1.8 Topologies of PWM DC–DC Converters......Page 45
1.9 Relationships among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power......Page 46
1.10 Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 47
1.12 References......Page 48
1.13 Review Questions......Page 49
1.14 Problems......Page 50
2.2.1 Circuit Description......Page 51
2.2.3 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 55
2.2.4 Time Interval DT < t ≤ T......Page 56
2.2.6 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM......Page 57
2.2.7 Boundary between CCM and DCM......Page 58
2.2.8 Ripple Voltage in Buck Converter for CCM......Page 60
2.2.9 Switching Losses with Linear MOSFET Output Capacitance......Page 65
2.2.10 Switching Losses with Nonlinear MOSFET Output Capacitance......Page 67
2.2.11 Power Losses and Ef.ciency of Buck Converter for CCM......Page 70
2.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM......Page 74
2.2.13 MOSFET Gate-drive Power......Page 75
2.2.14 Design of Buck Converter for CCM......Page 76
2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM......Page 79
2.3.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 82
2.3.2 Time Interval DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T......Page 84
2.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM......Page 85
2.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM......Page 87
2.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Buck Converter for DCM......Page 89
2.3.8 Design of Buck Converter for DCM......Page 91
2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier......Page 97
2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail......Page 100
2.7.1 Tapped-inductor Common-diode Buck Converter......Page 102
2.7.3 Watkins–Johnson Converter......Page 104
2.8 Multiphase Buck Converter......Page 105
2.9 Summary......Page 107
2.11 Review Questions......Page 109
2.12 Problems......Page 110
3.2.1 Circuit Description......Page 113
3.2.3 Time Interval 0 t ≤ DT......Page 116
3.2.4 Time Interval DT < t ≤ T......Page 117
3.2.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM......Page 118
3.2.6 Boundary between CCM and DCM......Page 119
3.2.7 Ripple Voltage in Boost Converter for CCM......Page 121
3.2.8 Power Losses and Efficiency of Boost Converter for CCM......Page 123
3.2.9 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Boost Converter for CCM......Page 125
3.2.10 Design of Boost Converter for CCM......Page 127
3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM......Page 131
3.3.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 133
3.3.2 Time Interval DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T......Page 134
3.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM......Page 136
3.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Boost Converter for DCM......Page 140
3.3.8 Design of Boost Converter for DCM......Page 143
3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters......Page 150
3.5 Tapped-inductor Boost Converters......Page 152
3.5.2 Tapped-inductor Common-load Boost Converter......Page 154
3.6 Duality......Page 155
3.7.1 Power Factor......Page 157
3.7.2 Boost Power Factor Corrector......Page 160
3.8 Summary......Page 162
3.9 References......Page 163
3.11 Problems......Page 164
4.2.1 Circuit Description......Page 167
4.2.2 Assumptions......Page 168
4.2.4 Time Interval DT < t ≤ T......Page 170
4.2.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM......Page 171
4.2.6 Device Stresses for CCM......Page 172
4.2.7 Boundary between CCM and DCM......Page 173
4.2.8 Ripple Voltage in Buck-boost Converter for CCM......Page 174
4.2.9 Power Losses and Efficiency of the Buck-boost Converter for CCM......Page 177
4.2.10 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Buck-boost Converter for CCM......Page 179
4.2.11 Design of Buck-boost Converter for CCM......Page 181
4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck-boost Converter for DCM......Page 187
4.3.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 188
4.3.4 Device Stresses of the Buck-boost Converter in DCM......Page 190
4.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function of the Buck-boost Converter for DCM......Page 191
4.3.7 Power Losses and Ef.ciency of the Buck-boost Converter in DCM......Page 194
4.3.8 Design of Buck-boost Converter for DCM......Page 196
4.4 Bidirectional Buck-boost Converter......Page 202
4.5 Synthesis of Buck-boost Converter......Page 203
4.6 Synthesis of Boost-buck ( ´ Cuk) Converter......Page 205
4.7.1 Cascaded Noninverting Buck-boost Converters......Page 206
4.7.2 Four-transistor Noninverting Buck-boost Converters......Page 207
4.8.1 Tapped-inductor Common-diode Buck-boost Converter......Page 209
4.8.2 Tapped-inductor Common-transistor Buck-boost Converter......Page 210
4.8.3 Tapped-inductor Common-load Buck-boost Converter......Page 211
4.8.4 Tapped-inductor Common-source Buck-boost Converter......Page 212
4.9 Summary......Page 213
4.10 References......Page 214
4.12 Problems......Page 215
5.1 Introduction......Page 217
5.2 Transformers......Page 218
5.3.1 Derivation of PWM Flyback Converter......Page 219
5.3.2 Circuit Description......Page 220
5.3.3 Assumptions......Page 221
5.3.4 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 223
5.3.5 Time Interval DT < t ≤ T......Page 224
5.3.6 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM......Page 225
5.3.7 Boundary between CCM and DCM......Page 226
5.3.8 Ripple Voltage in Flyback Converter for CCM......Page 227
5.3.9 Power Losses and Efficiency of Flyback Converter for CCM......Page 229
5.3.10 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM......Page 232
5.3.11 Design of Flyback Converter for CCM......Page 233
5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM......Page 239
5.4.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 240
5.4.2 Time Interval DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T......Page 241
5.4.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM......Page 242
5.4.6 Ripple Voltage in Flyback Converter for DCM......Page 246
5.4.7 Power Losses and Ef.ciency of Flyback Converter for DCM......Page 247
5.4.8 Design of Flyback Converter for DCM......Page 250
5.5 Multiple-output Flyback Converter......Page 256
5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter......Page 257
5.8 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping......Page 260
5.9 Two-transistor Flyback Converter......Page 261
5.10 Summary......Page 262
5.11 References......Page 263
5.13 Problems......Page 264
6.2.1 Derivation of Forward PWM Converter......Page 267
6.2.2 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 269
6.2.3 Time Interval DT < t ≤ DT + tm......Page 271
6.2.4 Time Interval DT + tm < t ≤ T......Page 273
6.2.6 Device Stresses......Page 274
6.2.7 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM......Page 275
6.2.9 Ripple Voltage in Forward Converter for CCM......Page 276
6.2.10 Power Losses and Efficiency of Forward Converter for CCM......Page 278
6.2.11 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM......Page 281
6.2.12 Design of Forward Converter for CCM......Page 282
6.3.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 289
6.3.2 Time Interval DT < t ≤ DT + tm......Page 292
6.3.4 Time Interval (D + D1)T < t ≤ T......Page 293
6.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM......Page 294
6.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Forward Converter for DCM......Page 298
6.3.8 Design of Forward Converter for DCM......Page 301
6.4 Multiple-output Forward Converter......Page 308
6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping......Page 309
6.8 Summary......Page 311
6.9 References......Page 312
6.10 Review Questions......Page 313
6.11 Problems......Page 314
7.2.1 Circuit Description......Page 317
7.2.2 Assumptions......Page 319
7.2.3 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 320
7.2.4 Time Interval DT < t ≤ T/2......Page 323
7.2.5 Time Interval T/2 < t ≤ T/2 + DT......Page 324
7.2.7 Device Stresses......Page 325
7.2.8 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Half-bridge Converter for CCM......Page 326
7.2.10 Ripple Voltage in Half-bridge Converter for CCM......Page 327
7.2.11 Power Losses and Efficiency of Half-bridge Converter for CCM......Page 329
7.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM......Page 332
7.2.13 Design of Half-bridge Converter for CCM......Page 333
7.3.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 340
7.3.2 Time Interval DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T......Page 342
7.3.3 Time Interval (D + D1)T < t ≤ T/2......Page 343
7.3.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM......Page 344
7.4 Summary......Page 348
7.5 References......Page 349
7.6 Review Questions......Page 350
7.7 Problems......Page 351
8.2.1 Circuit Description......Page 353
8.2.3 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 355
8.2.4 Time Interval DT < t ≤ T/2......Page 357
8.2.5 Time Interval T/2 < t ≤ T/2 + DT......Page 359
8.2.8 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Full-wave Converter for CCM......Page 360
8.2.9 Boundary between CCM and DCM......Page 361
8.2.10 Ripple Voltage in Full-bridge Converter for CCM......Page 363
8.2.11 Power Losses and Efficiency of Full-bridge Converter for CCM......Page 364
8.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM......Page 367
8.2.13 Design of Full-bridge Converter for CCM......Page 368
8.3.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 372
8.3.2 Time Interval DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T......Page 377
8.3.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM......Page 378
8.3.5 Maximum Inductance for DCM......Page 383
8.4 Phase-controlled Full-bridge Converter......Page 385
8.6 References......Page 386
8.7 Review Questions......Page 387
8.8 Problems......Page 388
9.2.1 Circuit Description......Page 391
9.2.3 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 393
9.2.5 Time Interval T/2 < t ≤ T/2 + DT......Page 396
9.2.6 Time Interval T/2 + DT < t ≤ T......Page 397
9.2.8 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Full-wave Converter for CCM......Page 398
9.2.9 Boundary between CCM and DCM......Page 399
9.2.10 Ripple Voltage in Push-pull Converter for CCM......Page 400
9.2.11 Power Losses and Efficiency of Push-pull Converter for CCM......Page 402
9.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM......Page 405
9.2.13 Design of Push-pull Converter for CCM......Page 406
9.3.1 Time Interval 0 < t ≤ DT......Page 412
9.3.2 Time Interval DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T......Page 414
9.3.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM......Page 416
9.3.5 Maximum Inductance for DCM......Page 420
9.6 References......Page 422
9.7 Review Questions......Page 423
9.8 Problems......Page 424
10.1 Introduction......Page 425
10.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM......Page 426
10.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances......Page 431
10.5 Model Reduction......Page 433
10.6 Large-signal Averaged Model for CCM......Page 435
10.7 DC and Small–signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM......Page 439
10.8 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM......Page 446
10.9 PWM Small-signal Switch Model for CCM......Page 447
10.10.1 Relationships among DC Components for DCM......Page 449
10.10.2 Small-signal Model of Ideal Switching Network for DCM......Page 453
10.11 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM......Page 456
10.12 Small-signal Models of PWM Converters for DCM......Page 458
10.13 Summary......Page 459
10.14 References......Page 461
10.15 Review Questions......Page 463
10.16 Problems......Page 464
11.2 DC Characteristics......Page 465
11.3 Open-loop Control-to-output Transfer Function......Page 468
11.4 Delay in Open-loop Control-to-output Transfer Function......Page 476
11.5 Open-loop Audio Susceptibility......Page 478
11.6 Open-loop Input Impedance......Page 481
11.7 Open-loop Output Impedance......Page 483
11.8.1 Open-loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage......Page 486
11.8.2 Open-loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle......Page 489
11.8.3 Open-loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current......Page 490
11.9 Summary......Page 492
11.11 Review Questions......Page 493
11.12 Problems......Page 494
12.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage-mode Control......Page 497
12.3 Pulse-width Modulator......Page 499
12.4 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network......Page 502
12.5 Error Amplifier......Page 506
12.6 Integral-single-lead Controller......Page 508
12.7.1 Analysis of Integral-double-lead Controller......Page 513
12.7.2 Design of Integral-double-lead Controller......Page 516
12.8 Loop Gain......Page 520
12.9 Closed-loop Control-to-output Voltage Transfer Function......Page 521
12.10 Closed-loop Audio Susceptibility......Page 523
12.11 Closed-loop Input Impedance......Page 524
12.12 Closed-loop Output Impedance......Page 528
12.13.1 Closed-loop Response to Step Change in Input Voltage......Page 530
12.13.2 Closed-loop Response to Step Change in Reference Voltage......Page 531
12.13.3 Closed-loop Response to Step Change in Load Current......Page 533
12.14 Closed-loop DC Transfer Functions......Page 534
12.15 Summary......Page 535
12.17 Review Questions......Page 536
12.18 Problems......Page 537
13.1 Introduction......Page 539
13.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak-current-mode Control......Page 540
13.3 Relationship between Duty Cycle and Inductor-current Slopes......Page 544
13.4 Instability of Closed-current Loop......Page 546
13.5 Slope Compensation......Page 549
13.6.1 Natural Response of Inductor Current to Small Perturbation in Closed-current Loop......Page 554
13.6.2 Forced Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Control Voltage in Closed-current Loop......Page 556
13.6.3 Transfer Function of Closed-current Loop in z-Domain......Page 558
13.7.1 Control Voltage-to-inductor Current Transfer Function......Page 559
13.7.2 Error Voltage-to-duty Cycle Transfer Function......Page 562
13.7.3 Loop Gain of Current Loop......Page 565
13.7.4 Closed-loop Transfer Function of Current Loop......Page 571
13.7.6 Current Loop with Disturbances......Page 574
13.7.7 Modified Approximation of Current Loop......Page 575
13.8 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current-mode Control......Page 578
13.8.2 Closed-loop Audio Susceptibility......Page 580
13.8.3 Closed-loop Output Impedance......Page 581
13.9 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-mode Control without Slope Compensation......Page 582
13.10 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-mode Control and Slope Compensation......Page 585
13.11 Closed-loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains......Page 587
13.12 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current......Page 588
13.14 Summary......Page 589
13.15 References......Page 590
13.17 Problems......Page 593
13.18.1 Sampler......Page 594
14.2.1 Open-loop Duty Cycle-to-inductor Current Transfer Function......Page 599
14.2.2 Open-loop Input Voltage-to-inductor Current Transfer Function......Page 606
14.2.3 Open-loop Inductor-to-output Current Transfer Function......Page 609
14.3.1 Open-loop Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Input Voltage......Page 613
14.3.2 Open-loop Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Duty Cycle......Page 616
14.3.3 Open-loop Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Load Current......Page 618
14.4 Closed-current-loop Transfer Functions......Page 620
14.4.1 Input Voltage-to-duty Cycle Transfer Function......Page 627
14.4.3 Output Impedance of Closed-current Loop......Page 632
14.5.1 Control Voltage-to-feedback Voltage Function......Page 636
14.5.2 Loop Gain of Voltage Loop......Page 639
14.5.3 Closed-loop Gain of Voltage Loop......Page 642
14.5.4 Closed-loop Audio Susceptibility with Integral Controller......Page 644
14.5.5 Closed-loop Output Impedance with Integral Controller......Page 647
14.6.2 Closed-loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current......Page 648
14.6.3 Closed-loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Reference Voltage......Page 650
14.7 Closed-loop DC Transfer Functions......Page 651
14.9 References......Page 652
14.10 Review Questions......Page 653
14.11 Problems......Page 654
15.2 Electronic Power Switches......Page 655
15.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors......Page 656
15.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors......Page 658
15.5 Silicon and Silicon Carbide......Page 659
15.6 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes......Page 660
15.7 Static I –V Diode Characteristic......Page 662
15.8 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes......Page 665
15.8.1 Width of Depletion Region......Page 666
15.8.2 Electric Field Distribution......Page 667
15.8.4 Punch-through Breakdown Voltage......Page 670
15.8.5 Edge Terminations......Page 672
15.9 Capacitances of Junction Diodes......Page 673
15.9.1 Junction Capacitance......Page 674
15.9.2 Diffusion Capacitance......Page 676
15.10.1 Qualitative Description......Page 678
15.10.2 Reverse Recovery in Resistive Circuits......Page 679
15.10.3 Charge-continuity Equation......Page 682
15.10.4 Reverse Recovery in Inductive Circuits......Page 685
15.11 Schottky Diodes......Page 687
15.11.1 Static I –V Characteristic of Schottky Diodes......Page 689
15.11.2 Junction Capacitance of Schottky Diodes......Page 690
15.11.3 Switching Characteristics of Schottky Diodes......Page 691
15.12 SPICE Model of Diodes......Page 694
15.13 Summary......Page 695
15.14 References......Page 697
15.16 Problems......Page 698
16.2 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs......Page 701
16.3.2 Formation of Channel......Page 705
16.3.4 Saturation Region......Page 706
16.4.1 Ohmic Region......Page 707
16.4.3 Channel-length Modulation......Page 711
16.5 Power MOSFET Characteristics......Page 712
16.6 Mobility of Charge Carriers......Page 714
16.6.1 Effect of Doping Concentration on Mobility......Page 715
16.6.2 Effect of Temperature on Mobility......Page 717
16.6.3 Effect of Electric Field on Mobility......Page 720
16.7 Short-channel Effects......Page 725
16.8 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs......Page 726
16.9 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs......Page 727
16.11 Resistance of Drift Region......Page 729
16.12 Figures-of-merit......Page 732
16.13.1 Channel Resistance......Page 733
16.13.3 Neck Region Resistance......Page 735
16.13.4 Drift Region Resistance......Page 736
16.14.1 Gate-to-source Capacitance......Page 738
16.14.3 Gate-to-drain Capacitance......Page 740
16.15 Switching Waveforms......Page 751
16.16 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs......Page 752
16.17 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors......Page 754
16.18 Heat Sinks......Page 756
16.19 Summary......Page 758
16.21 Review Questions......Page 760
16.22 Problems......Page 761
17.1 Introduction......Page 763
17.3.1 Waveforms......Page 764
17.3.2 DC Voltage Transfer Function......Page 769
17.3.3 Voltage and Current Stresses......Page 770
17.4.1 Waveforms......Page 773
17.4.2 DC Voltage Transfer Function......Page 776
17.4.3 Current and Voltage Stresses......Page 777
17.5 Zero-current-switching DC–DC Converters......Page 779
17.6.1 Waveforms......Page 781
17.6.2 Voltage Transfer Function......Page 784
17.6.3 Current and Voltage Stresses......Page 785
17.7 Multiresonant Converters......Page 787
17.8 Summary......Page 789
17.9 References......Page 790
17.10 Review Questions......Page 791
17.11 Problems......Page 792
Appendix A Introduction to SPICE......Page 793
Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB......Page 797
Answers to Problems......Page 801
Index......Page 807

✦ Subjects

Приборостроение;Силовая электроника;