Abstract
| I. | Introduction | 245 |
| II. | Global Regulatory Networks | 245 |
| III. | Heat‐Shock Response | 247 |
| | A. Control Elements in Gram‐Positive Bacteria | 247 |
| | 1. Sigma B‐Controlled Genes | 247 |
| | 2. HrcA‐CIRCE Controlled Genes | 249 |
| | 3. Genes Controlled by Additional Repressors | 250 |
| | B. Control Elements in Gram‐Negative Bacteria | 250 |
| | 1. Sigma 32‐Controlled Genes | 250 |
| | 2. Genes Controlled by Other Minor Sigma Factors | 252 |
| | 3. HrcA‐CIRCE‐Controlled Genes | 252 |
| | 4. Minor Regulatory Elements | 252 |
| | C. Networks of Positive and Negative Regulators | 253 |
| IV. | Proteome Studies of Heat‐Shock Regulons | 253 |
| V. | Mass Spectrometry in The Analysis of Heat‐Shock‐Induced Post‐Translational Modifications of Proteins | 256 |
| | A. Phosphorylation | 256 |
| | B. Other Post‐Translational Modifications | 258 |
| | 1. Protein Oxidation | 258 |
| | 2. Sulfoxidation | 258 |
| | 3. Acetylation | 258 |
| VI. | Potential Significance of Proteome Studies for Analysis of Regulons | 258 |
| Acknowledgments | 259 |
| References | 259 |
In recent years, it has become clear that, in addition to the regulation of the expression of specific genes, there are global regulatory systems that control the simultaneous expression of a large number of genes in response to a variety of environmental stresses. The first of these global control systems, and of substantial importance, is the heat‐shock response. The heat‐shock response is characterized by the induction of a large set of proteins (heat‐shock proteins—HSPs) upon shifts to higher temperature and upon exposure to conditions in which proteins are denatured (i.e., alcohols, heavy metals). The heat‐shock response is universal and many of the heat‐shock proteins are highly conserved among species. In bacteria, the heat‐shock response has been studied extensively in several Gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and in the Gram‐negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens). The first recognition of the molecular abundance of the bacterial heat‐shock proteins took place with the introduction of high‐resolution two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gels (2D gels) to analyze complex mixtures of cellular proteins. Two‐dimensional gels, followed by mass spectrometry, were used to define the heat‐shock stimulons in several bacteria, and to study the regulatory elements that control the heat‐shock response. Here, we review the heat‐shock response and its regulation in bacteria. The review will emphasize the use of proteome analysis in the study of this response, and will point out those open questions that can be investigated with proteomics, including mass spectrometry techniques. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:244–265, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10031