Prosthetic Designs for Restoring Human Limb Function

✍ Scribed by William Craelius

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 231
• Edition: 1st ed. 2022
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This textbook provides a thorough introduction and overview of the design and engineering of state-of-the-art prosthetics and assistive technologies. Innovations in prosthetics are increasingly made by cross-disciplinary thinking, and the author introduces the application of biomedical, mechanical, electrical, computer, and materials engineering principles to the design of artificial limbs. Coverage includes the fundamentals of biomechanics, biomechanical modeling and measurements, the basics of anatomy and physiology of limb defects, and the historical development of prosthetic design. This book stimulates the innovative thinking necessary for advancing limb restoration, and will be essential reading for students, as well as researchers, professional engineers and prosthetists, involved in the design and manufacture of artificial limbs.

• Learning enhanced by the exercises, including physical modeling with MATLAB and Simulink;
• Includes appendices with relevant equations and parameters for reference;
• Introduction to the design and engineering of prosthetics and assistive technologies.

✦ Table of Contents

Preview of the Book: Designing Smart Prostheses
Designing Smart Prostheses
The Professions of Prosthetics and Orthotics
How to Use the Book
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Restoring Limbs
1.2 The Need
1.3 Highlights of Prosthetic Development
1.4 Prosthetic Advances
1.4.1 Lower Limb
1.4.2 Upper Limbs
1.4.3 Surgical Techniques
1.4.3.1 Myoplasty on the Stump
1.4.4 Causes of Limb Loss
1.4.4.1 Preserving Limbs and Limb Function
1.5 The Costs of Amputation
1.6 Challenges for Lower-Limb Amputees
1.7 Types of Lower-Limb (LL) Amputations
1.7.1 Below-Knee (BK) Amputations
1.7.2 Knee Disarticulation
1.7.3 Above-Knee Amputations
1.7.4 Hip Disarticulation and Hemipelvectomy
1.8 Upper-Extremity Amputations
1.8.1 Functional Comparison of Upper and Lower Limbs
1.8.2 Partial-Hand Amputations
1.8.3 Wrist Disarticulation
1.8.4 Below Elbow
1.8.5 Above Elbow
1.8.6 Shoulder Disarticulation and Forequarter Amputation
1.9 The Postsurgical Period
1.10 Regulation of Prosthetic and Orthotic (P&O) Devices
1.11 Multidisciplinary Approach to Prosthetic Design
1.12 Exercises
References
Chapter 2: Human Limb Biomechanics
2.1 Introduction: Divisions of Biomechanics
2.2 Forces Within Living Limbs
2.3 Stress on Limbs
2.4 Free Body Diagrams
2.4.1 Balance of Forces and Torques
2.5 Kinematics and Kinetics
2.6 Dynamic Analysis
2.7 Uniaxial Stress and Strain
2.8 Beam Analysis of Structures
2.9 Beam Buckling
2.10 Applied Stress to Cube
2.11 Exercises
Reference
Chapter 3: Metrics and Mechanics of Human Limbs
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anthromorphometry
3.3 Measuring Body Segments
3.4 Anatomical Coordinates
3.5 Measuring Human Movement and Dynamics
3.6 Human Walking Kinetics
3.6.1 Modern Methods of Tracking Human Motion
3.6.2 Measuring Joint Dynamics
3.6.2.1 Ankle Dynamics
3.6.2.2 Interpreting Prosthetic Gait Data: Ankle Joint Moments
3.6.3 Muscle Activities During Gait
3.6.3.1 Monitoring Muscle Activity with Electromyography
3.6.4 Measuring Locomotion
3.6.4.1 Introduction
3.6.4.2 Phases of the Walking Cycle
Initial Contact Phase
Mid-stance Phase
Push-Off Phase
Swing Phase (Quadriceps Action)
Mid-swing
Terminal Deceleration (Hamstring Action)
3.7 Exercises
Chapter 4: Lower-Limb Prostheses
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Leg Functional Anatomy
4.2.1 Knee Function After BK Amputation
4.3 Natural and Prosthetic Knee Motion During a Gait Cycle
4.4 Prostheses for the AK Case
4.5 Mimicking the Human Lower Limb
4.5.1 Gait Muscles Summarized
4.5.1.1 Artificial Knee Control
4.5.1.2 Magnetorheological Knee
4.6 Hip Disarticulation and Bilateral Leg Cases
4.6.1 Prostheses for Hip Disarticulation and Hemi-pelvectomy Cases
4.7 Restoring Ambulation
4.8 Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 5: Upper Limb Function
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Human Hand Function
5.3 Functional Anatomy, Motions, and Dynamics of the UL
5.4 The Hand
5.5 Common Upper-limb Positions and Forces
5.6 Hand Control
5.7 Manipulation
5.8 Arm Actuators
5.9 UL Joint Torques
5.10 Hand Synergies
5.11 Exercises
Chapter 6: The Human-Machine Interface
6.1 Restoring UL Function
6.2 HMIs
6.3 Example of an Advanced Internally Powered Prosthesis
6.4 Externally Powered Prostheses (EPPs)
6.5 Increasing Degrees of Freedom in the Upper Limb Prosthesis
6.5.1 Myoelectrical Signals as HMI Input
6.6 Characteristics of MYOE
6.7 Radio-Transmitting Electrodes Implants
6.8 Targeted Muscle Reinnervation
6.9 Vectorializing MYOE Signals
6.10 Direct Brain Control
6.11 Alternative HMIs
6.12 Comparing FMG with EMG
6.13 Developing a FMG-Based HMI
6.13.1 Silicon Sleeve with Integrated FSR Sensors
6.14 Biomimetic Control
6.15 Volitional Signal Processing
6.16 Prosthetic Developments
6.17 Sensory Receptors and Local Feedback
6.18 Adaptive Neuromotor Learning
6.19 Cosmetic Restoration and Agency
References
Chapter 7: Prosthetic Control Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Artificial Control
7.3 Natural Control of Limbs
7.4 Prosthetic Control
7.5 Adaptability of the Neuromotor Control System: Gravity Compensation
7.6 Control Logic of Limb Function
7.7 Gait: Controlled Falling
7.8 Walking Coordination
7.9 Tactile Feedback for Control
7.10 Exercises
Chapter 8: Limb-Prosthetic Interface
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Socket Environment
8.3 LL Socket Fitting
8.4 Upper-Limb Sockets
8.5 Fitting the BK Residuum
8.6 Ground-Reaction Forces
8.7 Installing the Leg Prosthesis
8.8 Socket-Skin Interface
8.9 Forces on the Skin During Ambulation
8.10 Materials for Sockets
8.11 Protecting Tissue in the Socket
8.12 Material Selection for Structures
8.13 Laminates
8.14 Material Properties of Selected Prosthetic Laminates
8.15 Dynamic Strengths of Laminates
8.16 Preserving the Residuum
8.17 Custom Designing and Fitting Limb Sockets
8.18 Summary
8.19 Endoskeletal
8.20 Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 9: Energetics of Ambulation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Natural Energy Sources for Ambulation
9.3 Cost of Transport (COT)
9.4 Artificial Energy Sources for Ambulation
9.5 Measuring Energy of Gait
9.6 Energetic Contributors to COT
9.7 Ambulatory Efficiency
9.8 Energy-Efficient Walking Speeds
9.8.1 Walking, Power, and Work Units
9.9 Walking Energy Harvesting
9.10 Comparative Energetics
9.11 Testing with Amputees
9.12 Problems
Chapter 10: Advancing Prosthetic Designs
10.1 Trends in Prosthetic Technology
10.2 Focusing on Users
10.2.1 Improving Manipulation
10.2.2 Sensory Feedback for Dexterity
10.2.3 Direct Brain Control
10.3 Engaging Users in UL Prosthetic Design
10.3.1 Reasons for Abandonment of Prosthesis
10.4 Optimal Restoration of Hand Function
10.4.1 Agency as a Factor in HMI Performance
10.5 Restoring Agency
10.6 Developing Better HMIs
10.6.1 Hardware Needs
10.7 Exploiting Adaptability
10.8 Agency as a Key to Controlling the Prosthesis
10.8.1 Matching Prosthesis to User
10.9 Conclusion
10.10 Exercises
Bibliography
Appendix: Computational Modeling
Simulink
Learning from Models
Approaching the Problem
Block Diagrams
Hints About Simulink
Modeling Data with Matlab
Introduction
Getting Started
Basic Curve Fitting
De Novo Curve Fitting
Matching over a Discrete Variable
Matching over a Continuous Variable
Summary
Index