The only causal treatment of primary hyper- parathyroidism (PHPT) is parathyroidectomy. There are indications in the literature that despite operation expectation of life is shortened because of an increased frequency of cardiovascular and malignant diseases leading to the recommendation for early surgery even in uncomplicated PHPT. It is easier to convince an asymptomatic patient of an operation when he is informed about complications and consequences of an expectative attitude. Therefore, we reviewed our 71 patients operated upon during a 4-year-interval, 58 of whom were followed-up. During 82 operations 115 pathologically altered parathyroid glands were removed. Two persistent paralyses of the recurrent nerve occurred, however, without alteration of the voice. Follow-up of 82% of patients revealed 2 cases of recurrent nephrolithiasis (1 hypercalcaemia, 1 normocalcaemia). Three (5%) true recurrences were found, but neither a pancreatitis nor a peptic ulcer was noted during long-term follow-up. None of the 137 patients operated for a bleeding or perforated peptic ulcer during the last 10 years and 1 of 55 patients with acute pancreatitis during the past 8 years suffered from a PH-PT. However, morbidity and mortality of these two conditions was high. Although correlation to PHPT was low we recommend early operation of PHPT because of the low morbidity rate, zero lethality and reduced expectation of life.