Abstract
The role of Treg in patients with late‐stage HIV disease, who commence combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and develop pathogen‐specific immunopathology manifesting as immune restoration disease (IRD) remains unclear. We hypothesised that Treg could be defective in either numbers and/or function and therefore unable to ensure the physiological equilibrium of the immune system in patients with IRD. Phenotypic and functional CD4^+^ T‐cell subsets of eight late‐stage HIV patients with nadir CD4 count <50 cells/μL, who developed mycobacterial IRD upon commencing cART were compared with six therapy naive HIV^+^ patients (nadir CD4 count <50 cells/μL), who did not develop an IRD after cART. Mycobacterium‐avium‐specific CD4^+^ T cells from IRD patients produced high levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐2 compared with controls (p<0.001). Surprisingly, we found a significant expansion of CD127^lo^Foxp3^+^CD25^+^ Treg in IRD patients and a higher ratio of Treg to effector/memory subsets (p<0.001). In vitro suppression assays demonstrated reduced functional capacity of suppressor cells and diminished IL‐10 secretion in IRD patients. Plasma levels of IL‐7 were increased in patients and, interestingly, exogenous IL‐7 and other cytokines strongly inhibited Treg suppression. These data suggest that despite substantial Treg expansion in IRD, their ability to induce suppression, and thereby downregulate aberrant immune responses, is compromised.