Progress in Polymer Research for Biomedical, Energy and Specialty Applications

✍ Scribed by Anandhan Srinivasan, Selvakumar Murugesan, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 443
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

With the rapid advancements in polymer research, polymers are finding newer applications such as scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound healing, flexible displays, and energy devices. In the same spirit, this book covers the key features of recent advancements in polymeric materials and their specialty applications. Divided into two sections – Polymeric Biomaterials and Polymers from Sustainable Resources, and Polymers for Energy and Specialty Applications – this book covers biopolymers, polymer-based biomaterials, polymer-based nanohybrids, polymer nanocomposites, polymer-supported regenerative medicines, and advanced polymer device fabrication techniques.

FEATURES

• Provides a comprehensive review of all different polymers for applications in tissue engineering, biomedical implants, energy storage or conversion, and so forth

• Discusses advanced strategies in development of scaffolds for tissue engineering

• Elaborates various advanced fabrication techniques for polymeric devices

• Explores the nuances in polymer-based batteries and energy harvesting

• Reviews advanced polymeric membranes for fuel cells and polymers for printed electronics applications

• Throws light on some new polymers and polymer nanocomposites for optoelectronics, next generation tires, smart sensors and stealth technology applications

This book is aimed at academic researchers, industry personnel, and graduate students in the interdisciplinary fields of polymer and materials technology, composite engineering, biomedical engineering, applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and advanced polymer manufacturing.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors
Contributors
Section I: Polymeric Biomaterials and Polymers from Sustainable Resources
1. 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Regeneration
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of 3D Bioprinting Techniques
1.3 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering
1.3.1 3D Bioprinting for Bone Engineering
1.3.2 3D Bioprinting for Wound Dressing Applications
1.3.3 3D Bioprinting for Drug Delivery
1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
1.5 Acknowledgements
References
2. Polymeric Biomaterials and Current Trends for Advanced Applications
2.1 Introduction to Polymeric Biomaterials
2.1.1 History and Evolution of Biomaterials
2.1.2 Polymeric Biomaterials
2.1.3 Classification of Polymeric Biomaterials
2.1.3.1 Natural Polymers
2.1.3.2 Synthetic Polymers
2.1.4 Desired Properties of Polymeric Biomaterials
2.1.5 Characterization of Polymeric Biomaterials
2.2 Application of Polymeric Biomaterials
2.2.1 Scope of Polymeric Biomaterials
2.3 Polymeric Biomaterials for Advanced Applications: Current Trends
2.3.1 Polymeric Biomaterials for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices
2.3.2 Polymeric Biomaterials for Bioprinting
2.3.3 Polymeric Biomaterials for Soft Robotics
2.3.4 Polymeric Biomaterials in the Future
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Sustainable Biofillers and Their Biocomposites: Opportunities and Challenges
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polymer Matrices for Biocomposites Development
3.3 Lignocellulosic Fibers
3.4 Biocomposite Preparation Methods
3.5 Biocomposite Performances
3.5.1 Hybrid Biocomposite Performances
3.6 Application of Biopolymer-Based Composites
3.7 Challenges and Opportunities
3.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
4. Renewable Vitrimer—A Novel Route Towards Reprocessable and Recyclable Thermosets from Biomass-Derived Building Block
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Epoxy Vitrimers
4.3 Urethane Vitrimers
4.4 Polyimine Vitrimers
4.5 Elastomer and UV Curable Vitrimers
4.6 Nano Reinforcement in Vitrimer Structure
4.7 Future Prospects and Applications
4.8 Summary
References
5. Recent Advances in Tree Gum Polymers for Food, Energy, and Environmental Domains
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Tree Gum-Based Nanoparticles (NPs) and Their Multifaceted Applications
5.2.1 Silver (Ag) NPs Based on Tree Gums and Their Progress in Multidimensional Areas
5.2.2 Au NPs Based on Tree Gums
5.2.3 Metal Oxide-Tree Gum Nanoparticles
5.3 Electrospun Fibers Based on Tree Gum Polymers
5.4 Tree Gum Polymer Reinforced Films
5.5 Sponges Based on Tree Gum Polymers
5.6 3D Printing of Bio-Based Polymers
5.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
6. Dissolution of Cellulose Biopolymer Using Alkoxy Linked Dicationic Ionic Liquids
6.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
6.2 Experimental
6.2.1 Materials and Reagents
6.2.2 Synthesis of Solvent Media (ILs)
6.2.3 Characterization of Solvent Media (ILs)
6.2.4 Cellulose Dissolution in ILs and Characterization
6.2.5 Crystallinity and Thermal Stability of MCC
6.2.6 Kamlet-Taft Parameter
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Cellulose Dissolution by ILs
6.3.2 Morphological Studies of Cellulose
6.3.3 Crystallinity Index and Thermal Stability
6.4 Conclusion
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgements
References
7. Swelling Studies on Hydrogel Blend Used in Biomedical Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Tissue Engineering (TE)
7.1.2 Thin-Film Coatings
7.1.3 Scaffolds
7.1.3.1 Manufacturing Technology
7.1.4 Membranes
7.1.5 Hydrogels
7.1.5.1 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
7.1.5.2 Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)
7.1.5.3 PVA/PVP Blends
7.2 Experimental
7.2.1 Materials
7.2.2 Synthesis of the Blend
7.2.3 Swelling Experimentation
7.2.4 Degree of Swelling
7.2.5 Mass Loss Analysis
7.2.6 FTIR
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Swelling Coefficient (q)
7.3.2 Degree of Swelling
7.3.3 Diffusion
7.3.4 Mass Loss Analysis
7.3.5 FTIR
7.4 Other Applications
7.5 Conclusions
References
Section II: Polymers for Energy and Specialty Applications
8. Recent Developments of Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries
8.1 Introduction to Sodium-Ion Batteries
8.2 Introduction to Polymer Electrolytes
8.3 Polymers Matrices, Sodium Salts, and Organic Salts Used in SIBs
8.4 Classification of Polymer Electrolytes
8.5 Synthesis and Processing of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
8.5.1 Solution Casting
8.5.2 Hot-Pressing
8.5.3 Coating
8.5.4 Phase Inversion
8.5.5 Electrospinning
8.5.6 In-Situ Polymerization
8.6 Ion Conduction in Polymer Electrolytes
8.6.1 Early Phenomenological Concepts
8.6.2 Amorphous Phase Model
8.6.3 The Lewis Acid-Based Approach
8.6.4 Models Applicable to Gel Polymer Electrolytes
8.7 Application of Solid Polymer Electrolytes
8.8 Application of Composite Solid Polymer Electrolytes
8.9 Application of Gel Polymer Electrolytes
8.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Recent Developments in Aromatic Polymer-Based Proton Exchange Membranes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Growth of Proton Exchange Membranes
9.3 Proton Conduction Mechanisms in Proton Exchange Membranes
9.4 Classification of Aromatic-Based Proton Exchange Membranes
9.4.1 Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether)s
9.4.1.1 Fluorinated Poly(arylene ether)s
9.4.1.1.1 Random Poly(arylene ether)s
9.4.1.1.2 Block Poly(arylene ether)s
9.4.1.2 Non-Fluorinated Poly(arylene ether)s
9.4.1.3 Cross-linked and Composite Poly(arylene ether)s
9.4.2 Sulfonated Copolytriazoles
9.4.2.1 Fluorinated Copolytriazoles
9.4.2.2 Non-Fluorinated Copolytriazoles
9.4.2.3 Copoly(triazole imide)s
9.4.2.4 Phosphorus-Containing Polytriazoles
9.4.2.5 Cross-Linked and Composite Polytriazoles
9.4.3 Sulfonated Polyimides
9.4.3.1 Bulky Moiety Containing Polyimides
9.4.3.2 Phosphorus-Containing Polyimides
9.4.3.3 Polyimide-Based Composites
9.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
10. Recent Advances in Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Anion Exchange Membrane Materials for Fuel Cells
10.2.1 AEMs Based on Functionalized Polymers with Different Architecture
10.2.2 AEMs Based on Cross-Linked Structures
10.2.3 AEMs Based on Blends and Hybrid Composites
10.3 Alkaline Stability and Fuel Cell Performance
10.4 Summary and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
11. Polymeric Materials for Printed Electronics Application
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Printing Methodology
11.2.1 Screen Printing
11.2.2 Inkjet Printing
11.2.3 Flexography
11.2.4 Gravure Printing
11.2.5 Reverse Offset Printing
11.3 Polymer Ink Composition for Printed Electronic Devices
11.4 Conductivity in Polymers
11.5 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers
11.5.1 Synthesis of Conductive Polymers by Chemical Oxidation Polymerization
11.5.2 Synthesis of Conductive Polymers by Vapor Phase Polymerization (VPP)
11.5.3 Synthesis of Conductive Polymers by Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition (oCVD)
11.5.4 Synthesis of Conductive Polymers by Photochemical Polymerization
11.5.5 Synthesis of Conductive Polymers by Transition Metal Catalyzed Polycondensation
11.5.6 Synthesis of Conductive Polymers by Electrochemical Polymerization
11.6 Applications
11.6.1 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
11.6.2 Sensors
11.6.3 Batteries
11.6.4 Field-Effect Transistors (FETs)
11.6.5 Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs)
11.6.6 Conductive Adhesives
11.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgment
References
12. Polymer Nanocomposites-Based Wearable Smart Sensors
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Piezoelectric-Based Wearable Sensors
12.1.2 Piezoresistive Sensors
12.1.3 Capacitance-Based Sensors
12.1.4 Iontronic Sensors
12.1.5 Electrical and Optical Sensors
12.1.6 Chemical Sensors
12.2 Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Wearable Sensors
12.2.1 Strain Sensor for Wearable Application
12.2.2 Thermoelectric Wearable Sensors
12.2.3 Pressure Sensors
12.2.4 Humidity Sensors
12.2.5 Temperature Sensor
12.2.6 pH Sensors
12.2.7 Heart Rate and Pulse Monitoring
12.2.8 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices
12.3 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
13. An Insight into the Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Thiophene-2,4,6-Triaryl Pyridine-Based D-A-D Type π-Conjugated Functional Materials
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 π-Conjugated Polymers
13.1.2 π-Conjugated Small Molecules
13.2 Conduction in Conjugated System
13.3 D-A π-Conjugated Materials
13.4 Design Criteria and Structural Features of Compounds M1, M2, P1, and P2
13.5 Design Criteria and Structural Features of Compounds M3, M4, M5, and M6
13.6 Synthesis of Compounds
13.7 Photophysical Studies
13.8 Electrochemical Studies
13.9 Theoretical Studies
13.10 Thermal Properties
13.11 Nonlinear Optics (NLO)
13.11.1 Conjugated Materials for NLO
13.11.2 Third-Order Nonlinearity
13.11.2.1 Nonlinear Absorption (NLA) and Optical Limiting (OL)
13.11.2.2 Nonlinear Refraction (NLR)
13.11.3 Z-Scan
13.11.3.1 Experimental Setup
13.12 Third-Order NLO Studies
13.12.1 NLA Studies
13.12.2 Optical Limiting Studies
13.12.3 Nonlinear Refraction (NLR) Studies
13.13 Conclusion
References
14. Recent Applications of Macromolecular Gels for Environmental Remediation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Key Features of Polymeric Gels
14.2.1 Swelling
14.2.2 Rheological Behaviour
14.2.3 Chemical Modification
14.2.4 Morphology
14.2.5 Stability and Facile Regeneration
14.3 Classes of Contaminants
14.3.1 Petrochemicals
14.3.2 Organic Dyes
14.3.3 Inorganic Ions
14.4 Macromolecular Gels as Adsorbents
14.4.1 Oil-Spill Recovery
14.4.2 Remediation of Dyes
14.4.3 Removal of Inorganic Ions
14.5 Summary
References
15. GeN-NxT Materials for Tire
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polymers
15.2.1 Natural Rubber
15.2.1.1 Epoxidized Natural Rubber
15.2.1.2 Oil Extended Natural Rubber
15.2.2 Styrene Butadiene Rubber
15.2.2.1 Functionalized SBR
15.2.3 Isobutylene Isoprene Rubber-IIR (Butyl Rubber)
15.2.3.1 Brominated Poly (Isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene)-BIMSM
15.2.4 Polybutadiene Rubber
15.3 Fillers
15.3.1 Carbon Black
15.3.1.1 Surface-Treated Carbon Black
15.3.1.2 Morphologically Modified Carbon Black
15.3.2 Silica
15.3.2.1 Highly Dispersible Silica
15.3.3 Carbon Black-Silica Dual Filler
15.3.4 Nanoparticles
15.3.4.1 Nanoclay
15.3.4.2 Graphene
15.3.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
15.3.4.4 Graphite Nanofiber
15.3.4.5 Silicon Carbide Nanofiber
15.3.4.6 Carbon Filament
15.4 Plasticizers
15.4.1 Process Oil
15.5 Vulcanization System
15.5.1 Cure Activators
15.5.2 Vulcanizing Agent
15.5.2.1 Accelerators
15.6 Retarders and Anti-Reversion Agents
15.7 Antidegradants
15.7.1 Types of Antidegradants
15.7.2 Bound Antioxidants
15.8 Peptizing Agent
15.9 Special Additives
15.9.1 Silica Coupling Agents
15.9.2 Carbon Black Coupling Agents
15.9.3 Resin
15.9.4 Rubber Metal Adhesion Promoters
15.9.4.1 Incorporation of Cobalt
15.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
16. Polymer Composites for Stealth Technology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Radar and Its Working Principle
16.3 Stealth Technology - A Brief History
16.4 Radar Cross Section (RCS) and Factors Affecting RCS
16.5 Factors Affecting RCS
16.6 Radar Absorbing Materials (RAMs)
16.6.1 Classification of Radar Absorbing Materials (RAMs)
16.7 Loss Mechanism in Radar Absorbing Materials RAS
16.7.1 Loss Mechanism in Multi-Layered RAS
16.7.2 Loss Mechanism in Composites with Dielectric Fillers
16.8 Testing of Radar Absorbing Materials (RAMs)
16.9 Polymer Matrices Used for Stealth Technology
16.10 Classification of Polymer Composites as RAMs Based on Filler Material
16.10.1 Magnetic Absorbers
16.10.2 Dielectric Absorbers
16.10.3 Nanomaterials
16.10.4 Carbonaceous Materials as Fillers in Polymer Composites-Based RAMs
16.10.4.1 Carbon Black-Based RAMs
16.10.4.2 Graphene-Based RAMs
16.10.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)-Based RAMs
16.10.4.4 Carbon Fibers-Based RAMs
16.11 Classification of Polymer Composites as RAMs Based on Geometry/Working Principle
16.11.1 Impedance Matching RAMs
16.11.2 Resonant RAMs
16.11.3 Miscellaneous RAMs
16.11.3.1 Conducting Polymers
16.11.3.1.1 Polypyrrole-Polymer Composites
16.11.3.1.2 Polypyrrole-Fabric Composites
16.11.3.2 Metallic Thin Films
16.12 Conclusion
References
Index