Cover
Front-Matter_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microbial-Fuel-Cells
Front Matter
Copyright_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microbial-Fuel-Cells
Copyright
Contents
Contributors_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microbial-Fuel-Cells
Contributors
About-the-Editors_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microbial-Fuel-Cells
About the Editors
Foreword_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microbial-Fuel-Cells
Foreword
Preface_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microbial-Fuel-Cells
Preface
Chapter-1---Introduction-to-Microbi_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Micro
Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cells
Background and Significance
Working Principle
Components and Features
Technologies Based on MFCs
Future Expectations From MFCs
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-2---Performance-Trends-and-Statu_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-
Performance Trends and Status of Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Comparison With Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Comparison With Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
Comparison With Passive Alcohol Fuel Cells
Comparison With Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Comparison With Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Comparison With Alkaline Fuel Cells
Comparison With Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
Comparison With Existing Battery Technologies and Alternative Energy Resources
Further Information
Relevance and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-3---Configurations-of-Micro_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Micro
Configurations of Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Normal Configuration and General Requirements
Uncoupled Bioreactor MFC
Integrated Bioreactor MFC
MFC With Direct Electron Transfer
MFC With Mediated Electron Transport
General Requirements
Anode
Cathode
Membranes
Easy to Build Fuel Cell Configurations
Dual-Chambered H-Type MFC
Dual-Chambered MFC
Dual-Chambered MFC With Water-Soluble Catholytes
Simple Air-Cathode MFC
Cube-Type MFC
Cylindrical-Air Cathode MFC
Innovative Designs
Flat-Plate MFC
Biosolar MFC
Tubular Packed-Bed MFC for Continuous Operation
Stacked MFC
Membraneless MFC
Biocathode MFC
Origami Star-Inspired Fuel Cell
3D-Paper Based MFC
Reactor Design and Efficiency
Operation and Assessment
Applications
Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter-4---Polymer-Electrolyte-Membranes-for-M_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Tre
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Microbial Fuel Cells: Part A. Nafion-Based Membranes
Introduction
Functions of the PEM in MFC
Property Requirements of the Membrane Materials
Fluorinated Membrane Structure Required for Efficient MFC Operation
Present Research on Nafion-Based Membranes
Nafion Blends and Composites
Nafion/Fluorinated Polymers
Others PEMs
Membrane Characterizations
Structural Characterizations
X-Ray Diffraction
Imaging Techniques: Scanning Electron and Transmission Electron Microscopies
Porosity
Ion-Exchange Capacity
Proton Conductivity
Mechanical Characterizations
Performance Evaluations
Existing Challenges of PEM Technology
Ohmic Resistance
Oxygen Diffusion
Substrate Crossover
Biofouling
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-5---Polymer-Electrolyte-Membranes-for-Mi_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Tr
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Microbial Fuel Cells: Part B. Non-Nafion Alternative Membranes
Introduction
Present Research of Non-Nafion-Based Membranes
Conclusion, Existing Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-6---Bipolar-Membranes-for-Mic_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Mic
Bipolar Membranes for Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction: Definition and General Description of the Use of Bipolar Membranes in Microbial Fuel Cells
Preparation and Application of Bipolar Membranes in MFCs
Conclusion, Existing Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-7---Low-Cost-Solutions-for-Fabrication-of-_2018_Progress-and-Recent-
Low-Cost Solutions for Fabrication of Microbial Fuel Cells: Ceramic Separator and Electrode Modifications
Introduction
Fundamentals of MFCs and Their Components
Anode Materials
Anode Modification Using Conductive Polymers
Anode Modification Using Graphene and CNTs
Anode Modification Using Metal Oxides
Anode Modification by Electrochemical Oxidation
Cathode Materials
Current Collectors
Separators
Properties of Clay Used in Ceramic Separators
Mechanism of Cation Exchange Through Clay
Strengthening Clay-Based Separators
Modification of the Clay Mineral Composition to Enhance Cation Exchange
Ceramic Separators as a Low-Cost Solution for Electrochemical Devices
Performance of MFCs With a Ceramic Separator
Importance of ORR Catalysts and Related Mechanisms: Options for Low-Cost Cathode Catalysts
Nonmetal and Metal Impregnated Carbon Catalysts
Transition Metal Oxides
Metal Doped Complex Organic Catalysts
Cost Analysis of Catalysts
Scalable MFCs and Stacking
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-8---Electrodes-for-Microbi_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microb
Electrodes for Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Electrode Materials and Their Desired Properties
Conductivity
Durability and Stability
Porosity and Surface Area
Biocompatible Nature
Cost and Availability
Electrode Material Types
Carbon-Based Electrode Materials
Metal Electrodes
Composite Electrode Materials
Surface Modification of Electrodes
Modification With Metals or Metal Oxides
Modification With Polymers
Modification With Composite Materials
Electrode Cost
Existing Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter-9---Anode-Catalysts-and-Biocataly_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in
Anode Catalysts and Biocatalysts for Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Functions of the Catalysts
Property Requirements of Catalysts
Present Research
Materials of Electrocatalysts
Carbonaceous Anode Based Materials
Metal Based Materials
Conducting Polymers
Microbes
Bacterial Species Used as an MFC Biocatalyst
Yeast in MFCs
Mixed Community
Catalyst Characterizations
16S rRNA
DGGE
FISH
RFLP, SSCP, and ARISA
qRT-PCR
GS-FLX
QCM
FAME
Performance Evaluations
Anode Potential
Cyclic Voltammetry
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-10---Propellants-of-Microbi_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Micro
Propellants of Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Nutrient Requirements of MFC Microorganisms
General Characteristics of Different Fuels
Simple or Defined Substrates
Glucose
Acetate
Fructose
Sucrose
Complex Defined Substrates
Starch
Cellulose
Others
Complex Undefined Substrates
Activated Sludge and Algal Biomass
Agro Industrial Wastewater
Brewery Industry Wastewater
Dairy Industry Wastewater
Domestic and Municipal Wastewater
Food Processing Industry Wastewater
Livestock Industry Wastewater
Mining Industry Wastewater
Paper Plant Wastewater
Petrochemical Industry Wastewater
Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater
Refinery and Distillery Industry Wastewater
Textile Industry Wastewater
Mechanism of Fuel Oxidation in MFCs
Comparison of the Efficiency of Different Fuels
Future Aspects
References
Chapter-11---Exoelectrogens-for-Micro_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Mic
Exoelectrogens for Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Mechanisms of Electron Transfer
Mediated Electron Transfer
Endogenous Electron Shuttles
Artificial Electron Shuttles
Primary Metabolites
MET Mechanisms for Biofilms at the Cathode
Direct Electron Transfer
G. sulfurreducens: OMC Pathway
S. oneidensis: Mtr-Pathway
DET in Other Organisms
DET at the Cathode
Nanowires
Studies Using Known Exoelectrogenic Strains
Tools for Studying Exoelectrogens
Electrochemical Analysis
Microscopy
Biological Analysis
Raman Spectroscopy
Operational Conditions
Future Directions
Sources of Further Information
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-12---Biofilm-Formation-Within-_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Mi
Biofilm Formation Within Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Mechanism of Biofilm Formation
Electroactive Biofilms
Challenges of Electroactive Biofilms
Factors Affecting Electroactive Biofilm Formation
System Configuration
Operating Conditions
Biological Parameters
Conclusion and Future Directions
Sources of Further Information
References
Chapter-13---Genetic-Approaches-for-Improving_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trend
Genetic Approaches for Improving Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells: Part A
Introduction
Electron Transfer in Life
Discovery of Genes Involved in Electron Transfer of MFCs
Metabolic Pathways Employed in MFC Systems
Geobacter spp.
General Features
Procedures Assayed and Results
Future Possibilities
Shewanella spp.
General Features
Procedures Assayed and Results
Future Possibilities
Other Heterotrophic Microorganisms
General Features
Procedures Assayed and Results
Future Possibilities
Other Metabolic Pathways Used in MFC Systems
Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolism
Photoautotrophic Metabolism
Naturally Assembled Microbial Communities to Improve MFC Performance
Artificially Assembled Anodic Communities to Improve MFC Performance
Future Directions
Sources of Further Information
References
Further Reading
Chapter-14---Genetic-Approaches-for-Improving_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trend
Genetic Approaches for Improving Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells: Part B
Introduction
Substrate Processing and Accessibility
Directed Evolution of Redox Enzymes
Surface-Display Systems
Bacterial Surface-Display
Yeast Surface Display
Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water
Improvement of Electron Transfer
Internal Electron Transfer
External Electron Transfer
Metabolic Engineering
Enzyme and Protein Engineering
Protein Immobilization
Engineered Pilin
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter-15---Kinetics-and-Mass-Transfer-W_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in
Kinetics and Mass Transfer Within Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Modeling Approaches for MFCs
Case Study-1D Analytical Model for Continuous Operation
Model Structure and Flux Balance
Model Assumptions
Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions
Mass Transfer
KineticsβAnode and Cathode
Adaptation for Batch Operation
Modifications for a Single Chamber Configuration
Summary
References
Chapter-16---Biochemistry-and-Electrochemistr_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trend
Biochemistry and Electrochemistry at the Electrodes of Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Biochemistry and Electrochemistry at the Electrodes
Underlying Catabolic Pathways for Energy Generation From Microorganisms
Distinguished Electron Transport Mechanism
Direct Electron Transport
Electron Transport Through Mediators
Electron Transport Through Conductive Nanowires
Proton Transport Mechanism in MFCs
Cation Exchange Membrane
Anion Exchange Membrane
Bipolar membrane
Underlying Factors That Affect MFC Performance
Ohmic Losses
Activation Losses
Bacterial Metabolic Losses
Concentration Losses
Anode-Microbe Interactions
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-17---Wastewater-Biorefinery-Based-on-the_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Tr
Wastewater Biorefinery Based on the Microbial Electrolysis Cell: Opportunities and Challenges
Introduction
Global Energy and Water Security
Wastewater Biorefinery
Microbial Electrolysis Cell
H2 as a Fuel
Aim of the Chapter
Bioelectrochemical System
History of BES
Types of BES
Microbial Fuel Cell
Microbial Electrolysis Cell
MEC Systems and Materials Used for H2 Production
Cathode and Anode
MEC Membranes
The MEC System for Tubing and Gas Collection
MEC Configurations and Factors Affecting H2 Production
Double-Chambered MEC Systems
High-Performance Double-Chambered MEC Reactor
Bio-Electrochemically Assisted Microbial Reactor (BEAMR)
Concentric Tubular Double-Chambered MEC Reactor
Enriched MEC Bio-Cathodes Using Sediment MFC Bio-Anodes
Single-Chambered MEC Systems
A Single-Chambered MEC System With a Flat Carbon Cathode and Brush Anode
A Cathode on Top a Single-Chambered MEC System
Up-Flow Single-Chambered MEC System
Bottle-Type Single-Chambered MEC System
Factors Affecting Production of H2 in MEC Systems
pH
Temperature
Catalyst
Conductivity of Solution
Thermodynamics of H2 Production and MEC Performance
H2 Production and Measurement in MEC Systems
H2 Yield of MEC
Energy Yield of MEC Systems
Challenges and Opportunities in MEC Technology
Energy Losses in MEC Systems
Activation Losses in the MEC System
Coulombic Losses in MEC Systems
Concentration Losses in MEC Systems
Methanogenesis in MEC Systems
Economics of MEC Systems
Future Outlooks of MEC Systems
Technological Approach
Methanogenesis Inhibition
Pure Culture Versus Mixed Consortia Studies
Electrode Selection
Conclusions
References
Chapter-18---Microbial-Fuel-Cells-as-a-Platfor_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Tren
Microbial Fuel Cells as a Platform Technology for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
Wastewater Treatment and Energy Needs
General Overview of Wastewater Treatment
Energy Consumption in Wastewater Treatment
Opportunities for Energy Recovery and Savings in Wastewater Treatment
Hydraulic Energy Recovery
Heat Recovery
Combined Heat and Power Systems
Biogas Generation (Anaerobic Digestion)
Microalgae Growth for Biofuels
Anammox Process (Novel Configurations)
MFCsβEfficiency Evaluations
Carbon Removal
Nutrient Removal
Energy Efficiency
Estimated Energy Benefits
Comparison With Aeration Systems
Normalized Energy Recovery Concept
Energy Consumption in MFCs
Energy Payback Time
Existing Challenges
Microbial Kinetics
Electron Acceptors
Electrode Materials
Understanding of Power Density (Process Reliability and Stability)
Other Factors
Future Directions
Process Development
Resource Recovery Options
Large Scale Development
Integrated Processes
Integrating With Membrane Processes
Integrating With an Aeration Tank in a Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant
Integration With Other Bioelectrochemical Systems
Biorefinery Configurations
Summary
References
Chapter-19---Microbial-Desalination-Cell-Tec_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends
Microbial Desalination Cell Technology: Functions and Future Prospects
Introduction
Water-Energy Crisis in Desalination
Microbial Desalination CellβHarvester of Chemical Energy
Essential Concepts of a Microbial Desalination Cell
Operative Principle
Performance Factors: Analyses and Calculations
Microbial Desalination Cells Configurations
Air-Cathode Microbial Desalination Cell
Biocathode Microbial Desalination Cell
Stacked Microbial Desalination Cell
Recirculation Microbial Desalination Cell
Microbial Electrolysis Desalination Cell
Capacitive Microbial Desalination Cell
Upflow Microbial Desalination Cell
Osmotic Microbial Desalination Cell
Bipolar Membrane Microbial Desalination Cell
Decoupled Microbial Desalination Cell
Ion-Exchange Resin Coupled Microbial Desalination Cell
Five-Chambered Biocathode Microbial Desalination Cell
Modularized Filtration Air Cathode Microbial Desalination Cell
Materials Used in Microbial Desalination Cells
Exoelectrogens
Substrates
Performance and Efficiency of Microbial Desalination Cell
Polarization and Power Density
COD Removal Efficiency
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Cell Potential (emf), Concentration Gradient, and Water Transport
pH and Electrolyte Conductivity
External and Internal Resistance
Hydraulic Retention Time
Functional Applications and Scaleup
Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination
Water Softening and Metal Ions Removal
Groundwater Remediation
Challenges to MDC Technologies
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Chapter-20---Coupled-Systems-Based-on-_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Mi
Coupled Systems Based on Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
MFC-Coupled Wastewater Treatment and the Potential of MFC-MBRs
MFC-Complemented Anaerobic Digestion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-21---Commercialization-Aspects-_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-M
Commercialization Aspects of Microbial Fuel Cells
Introduction
Potentials of MFCs for Commercialization
Prospective Sector(s) for MFC Applications
Wastewater Treatment
Powering Low Energy Devices
Robotics
Global Status of MFCs Commercialization/Market Leaders in MFCs
Current Research Toward Commercialization
Challenges Toward Fruitful Commercialization (Lab to Market Bottleneck)
Future Predictions and Directions
References
Index_2018_Progress-and-Recent-Trends-in-Microbial-Fuel-Cells
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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