Production Ergonomics: Designing Work Systems To Support Optimal Human Performance

✍ Scribed by Cecilia Berlin, Caroline Adams

• Publisher: Ubiquity Press
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 297
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Production ergonomics – the science and practice of designing industrial workplaces to optimize human well-being and system performance – is a complex challenge for a designer. Humans are a valuable and flexible resource in any system of creation, and as long as they stay healthy, alert and motivated, they perform well and also become more competent over time, which increases their value as a resource. However, if a system designer is not mindful or aware of the many threats to health and system performance that may emerge, the end result may include inefficiency, productivity losses, low working morale, injuries and sick-leave. To help budding system designers and production engineers tackle these design challenges holistically, this book offers a multi-faceted orientation in the prerequisites for healthy and effective human work. We will cover physical, cognitive and organizational aspects of ergonomics, and provide both the individual human perspective and that of groups and populations, ending up with a look at global challenges that require workplaces to become more socially and economically sustainable. This book is written to give you a warm welcome to the subject, and to provide a solid foundation for improving industrial workplaces to attract and retain healthy and productive staff in the long run.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Acknowledgements
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is ergonomics/human factors?
1.2. The purpose of production ergonomics
1.3. Historical development of ergonomics and human factors
1.4. How are ergonomics and human factors connected to engineering?
1.5. What’s in this book?
1.6. Different engineering roles act on different types of knowledge
1.7. References
Part 1 Understanding the Human in the System
Chapter 2 Basic Anatomy and Physiology
2.1. Musculo-skeletal disorders
2.2. How big is the problem?
2.3. The musculo-skeletal system
2.4. The muscles
2.5. The skeletal system
2.6. Joints
2.7. Injuries and healing
2.8. Movements
2.9. Musculo-skeletal complexes
2.10. The back
2.11. The neck
2.12. The shoulders
2.13. The hands
2.14. References
Chapter 3 Physical Loading
3.1. The components of physical loading
3.2. Posture
3.3. Force
3.4. Time
3.5. Interaction of posture, forces and time
3.6. Other factors influencing physical loading
3.7. Biomechanics
3.8. Applying mechanics to the human body
3.9. References
Chapter 4 Anthropometry
4.2. Terminology
4.3. Static (structural) measurements
4.4. Dynamic (functional) measurements
4.5. Normal distribution and percentiles
4.6. Correlations
4.7. Multivariate design
4.8. Variation
4.9. Methods for measuring body dimensions
4.10. Anthropometric datasets
4.11. Design principles
4.12. Designing for the extremes
4.13. Designing for adjustability
4.14. Designing work heights
4.15. References
Chapter 5 Cognitive Ergonomics
5.1. What cognitive limitations exist in the workplace?
5.2. Human capabilities and limitations
5.3. The senses
5.4. Human cognitive processes
5.5. The role of expertise: The SRK model and types of mistakes
5.6. Mental workload
5.7. Designing to support human mental capabilities
5.8. Cognitive ergonomics supports used in industrial production
5.9. Design for Assembly
5.10. The use of fixtures
5.11. Kitting
5.12. Standardized work
5.13. Work instructions
5.14. Poka yoke
5.15. References
Chapter 6 Psychosocial Factors and Worker Involvement
6.1. Macroergonomics
6.2. Psychosocial environment
6.3. Positive and negative stress
6.4. Boredom
6.5. Motivation
6.6. Psychosocial factors coupled to tasks
6.7. Demand-control-support model
6.8. Participatory ergonomics
6.9. A process for participatory design
6.10. Using models of the design solution
6.11. References
Part 2 Engineering the System around Humans
Chapter 7 Data Collection and Task Analysis
7.1. Data collection involving humans
7.2. Data collection approaches
7.3. Carrying out a research study involving humans
7.4. Task breakdowns
7.5. Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)
7.6. Tabular task analysis (TTA)
7.7. References
Chapter 8 Ergonomics Evaluation Methods
8.1. Heuristic evaluation (HE)
8.2. Methods for evaluating physical loading
8.3. Posture-based analysis
8.4. Biomechanics-based analysis
8.5. Multi-aspect methods
8.6. Standards, legal provisions and guidelines
8.7. Example: Swedish AFS provisions
8.8. References
Chapter 9 Digital Human Modeling
9.1. Ergonomic simulation
9.2. Computer manikins
9.3. Manipulation of manikins
9.4. Analysis tools
9.5. References
Chapter 10 Manual Materials Handling
10.1. Function of manual materials handling
10.2. Issues and risks arising from poorly designed MMH systems
10.3. Different types of MMH
10.4. Line stocking
10.5. Batching
10.6. Sequencing
10.7. Kitting
10.8. Workstation design principles
10.9. Working height considerations
10.10. Storage container considerations
10.11. References
Chapter 11 The Economics of Ergonomics
11.1. Proactive or reactive approaches to ergonomics investments
11.2. Individual costs
11.3. Company costs
11.4. Societal costs
11.5. Solving the problem
11.6. Building awareness
11.7. Cost calculations
11.8. Case studies of ergonomics interventions
11.9. Tools and calculation methods
11.10. Special case: a model for calculation of poor assembly ergonomics costs
11.11. Convincing the necessary people
11.12. The power to implement change
11.13. References
Chapter 12 Work Environmental Factors
12.1. The human body in different environments
12.2. Occupational (or Industrial) Hygiene
12.3. Thermal climate
12.4. Thermal exposure risks
12.5. Heat
12.6. Cold
12.7. Assessing climate
12.8. Clothing
12.9. Lighting
12.10. Photometry
12.11. Measuring light parameters
12.12. Lighting regulations
12.14. Sound and noise
12.15. Effects of noise
12.16. Measuring sound
12.17. Hearing protection
12.18. Vibrations
12.19. Whole Body Vibrations
12.20. Hand/arm vibration
12.21. Radiation
12.22. References
Chapter 13 Social Sustainability
13.1. Upcoming societal challenges
13.2. Sustainability concepts
13.3. The ecosystem of social sustainability
13.4. Social sustainability for work and workplace design
13.5. Design for social sustainability
13.6. References
Part 3 Workplace Design Guidelines
Design for the human body
Design of hand tools
Design for anthropometry
Design for cognitive support
Design for psychosocial health and worker involvement
Design for good vision
Design for thermal climate
Design for materials handling
Design for healthy sound environments
Design to minimize whole-body vibration risk
Design to minimize hand-arm vibration risk
Design for social sustainability
Notes for Teachers
Answer Guide to Study Questions

✦ Subjects

Ergonomics; Human Factors; Production; Manufacturing; Work Environment; Safety