Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux

✍ Scribed by Martin Bach, Steve Shaw

• Publisher: Apress
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 830
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux provides full-life-cycle guidance on implementing Oracle Real Application Clusters in a Linux environment. Real Application Clusters, commonly abbreviated as RAC, is Oracle’s industry-leading architecture for scalable and fault-tolerant databases. RAC allows you to scale up and down by simply adding and subtracting inexpensive Linux servers. Redundancy provided by those multiple, inexpensive servers is the basis for the failover and other fault-tolerance features that RAC provides.

Written by authors well-known for their talent with RAC, Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux gives you a rock-solid and technically flawless foundation on which to build your RAC-management skills. Authors Julian Dyke and Steve Shaw share their hard-won experience in building RAC clusters, showing you how to build for success using the very latest Oracle technologies, such as Automatic Storage Management (ASM) and Oracle Clusterware. You’ll learn to troubleshoot performance and other problems. You’ll even learn how to correctly deploy RAC in a virtual-machine environment based upon Oracle VM, which is the only virtualization solution supported by Oracle Corporation.

RAC is a complex and powerful technology. It demands expertise in its deployment. You can’t just “wing it” in creating a RAC solution. Julian and Steve have earned the right to term themselves expert—in Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux, they offer a rigorous and technically-correct treatment of RAC that helps you build a solid foundation of expertise and achieve success.

Rigorous and technically accurate content

Complete coverage of RAC, from planning to implementation to rollout to ongoing maintenance and troubleshooting

Up-to-date with the very latest RAC features

What you’ll learn

• Plan the architecture for a successful RAC installation
• Implement failover and other fault-tolerant features
• Scale RAC clusters up and down as needed to achieve performance targets
• Consolidate RAC clusters using Oracle’s virtualization solution
• Manage RAC proactively so as to sleep well at night
• Troubleshoot and solve performance and availability problems

Who this book is for

Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux is written for Oracle Database Administrators who want to step up their skills to be equal to the task of managing Real Application Clusters.

Table of Contents

1.  Introduction  
2.  RAC Concepts   
3.  RAC Architecture   
4.  Hardware  
5.  Virtualization  
6.  Linux Installation and Configuration   
7.  Grid Infrastructure Installation   
8.  Clusterware   
9.  Automatic Storage Management  
10.  RDBMS Installation and Configuration   
11.  Workload Management   
12.  Oracle Performance Monitoring   
13.  Linux Performance Monitoring  
14.  Parallel Execution   
15.  Upgrading to Oracle 11g Release 2

✦ Table of Contents

Prelim......Page 1
Contents at a Glance......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the Author......Page 23
About the Technical Reviewer......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 25
Introducing Oracle Real Application Clusters......Page 26
Examining the RAC Architecture......Page 28
Deploying RAC......Page 29
Making Failover Seamless......Page 30
Scoping Various Levels of Scalability......Page 31
Scaling Vertically vs. Horizontally......Page 32
Achieving Manageability Through Consolidation......Page 33
Enabling Database Consolidation......Page 34
Choosing RAC vs. SMP......Page 35
Factoring in the Additional Hardware Cost......Page 36
Clustering with Oracle on Linux......Page 38
Understanding the Role of Unix......Page 41
Liberating Software......Page 42
Developing Linux......Page 43
Expanding the Concept of Free with Open Source......Page 44
Combining Oracle, Open Source, and Linux......Page 45
Drilling Down on Unbreakable Linux......Page 46
Creating and Growing Red Hat Enterprise Linux......Page 47
Extending Red Hat with Oracle Enterprise Linux......Page 48
Drilling Down on SuSE Linux Enterprise Server......Page 49
Summary......Page 50
Configuring Active/active Clusters......Page 51
Configuring a Shared-All Architecture......Page 52
Working with Cluster Nodes......Page 53
Using an Ethernet-based Interconnect......Page 54
Clusterware/Grid Infrastructure......Page 55
Planning a RAC Installation......Page 57
Choosing a Process Structure......Page 58
Configuring Network Components......Page 61
Implementing the Oracle Cluster Registry and Oracle Local Registry......Page 62
Leveraging Automatic Storage Management......Page 63
Working with ASM Disks......Page 65
Weighing Your ASM Installation and Administration Options......Page 67
Sorting Through Your Installation Options......Page 68
Storing Information in Control Files......Page 69
Leveraging Online Redo Logs and Archiving......Page 70
Weighing Storage Options for RAC Databases......Page 71
Drilling Down on a RAC Database Instance......Page 72
Using the Global Resource Directory (GRD)......Page 73
Managing Global Enqueues with Global Enqueue Services (GES)......Page 74
Transferring Data Between Instances with Cache Fusion......Page 75
Exploring the New Features of 11g Release 2......Page 76
Leveraging Grid Plug and Play......Page 77
Modeling Resources with Server Pools......Page 79
Ensuring POSIX Compliance with ACFS......Page 80
Using Oracle Restart Instead of RAC......Page 81
Simplifying Clusterd Database Access with SCAN Listener......Page 83
Summary......Page 84
Availability Considerations......Page 86
Deciding the Number of Nodes......Page 88
Oracle RAC One Node......Page 89
Online Maintenance and Patching......Page 90
Patching Real Application Clusters Using opatch......Page 92
Rolling Patch Mode......Page 94
Instance Recovery in RAC......Page 95
Database Recovery......Page 96
Failover Considerations......Page 97
Failover Modes......Page 98
Fast Connection Failover and Fast Application Notification......Page 99
Scalability Considerations......Page 100
Scalability Enhancers......Page 101
Scalability Inhibitors......Page 102
Standby Databases......Page 104
Introduction to Oracle Standby Databases......Page 105
Types of Standby Database......Page 106
Logical Standby Database......Page 107
Active Data Guard......Page 108
Role Transitions......Page 109
The Data Guard Broker......Page 111
Extended Distance Clusters......Page 113
Oracle Streams......Page 114
Streams Processing......Page 115
Oracle Streams Prerequisites......Page 116
Cluster Topologies......Page 117
Summary......Page 118
Hardware......Page 120
Oracle Availability......Page 121
x86 Processor Fundamentals......Page 122
x86-64......Page 125
Multicore Processors and Hyper-Threading......Page 126
CPU Cache......Page 129
CPU Power Management......Page 131
Virtualization......Page 133
Virtual Memory......Page 134
Physical Memory......Page 135
NUMA......Page 138
Additional Platform Features......Page 147
Machine Check Architectures......Page 148
Network Interconnect Technologies......Page 149
PCI......Page 150
PCI-Express......Page 151
Standard Ethernet Interconnects......Page 153
Fully Redundant Ethernet Interconnects......Page 154
Infiniband......Page 157
Storage Technologies......Page 158
Read Activity......Page 159
Write Activity......Page 160
Asynchronous I/O and Direct I/O......Page 163
Hard Disk and Solid State Disk Drive Performance......Page 165
RAID......Page 169
RAID 0 Striping......Page 170
RAID 10 Striped Mirrors......Page 171
RAID 0+1 Mirrored Stripes......Page 172
RAID 5......Page 173
Storage Cache......Page 174
Storage Protocols for Linux......Page 175
SCSI......Page 176
Fibre Channel and FCoE......Page 179
iSCSI......Page 180
SATA......Page 181
Linux I/O Scheduling......Page 182
Evaluating Storage Performance......Page 184
Summary......Page 186
Virtualization Definition and Benefits......Page 188
Oracle VM Server Architecture......Page 191
Paravirtualization......Page 192
Full Virtualization......Page 195
Oracle VM Design......Page 197
Oracle VM Server Installation......Page 201
Oracle VM Manager Installation......Page 206
Oracle VM CLI Installation and Configuration......Page 209
Network Configuration......Page 210
Server Pool Configuration......Page 215
Configuring Shared Storage......Page 218
Cluster Configuration......Page 220
Installing and Configuring Guests......Page 231
Importing a Template......Page 232
Creating a Guest from a Template......Page 233
Accessing a Guest......Page 235
Configuring a Guest for RAC......Page 237
Oracle VM Agent......Page 239
Oracle VM Manager......Page 241
Oracle VM Manager CLI......Page 243
Displaying Information......Page 245
Managing Domains......Page 248
Managing Resources......Page 250
Summary......Page 253
Selecting the Right Linux Software......Page 254
Reviewing the Hardware Requirements......Page 255
Configuring a GNS or a Manual IP......Page 256
Configuring DNS and DHCP......Page 259
Preparing for a Network Install......Page 266
Anaconda Installation......Page 270
Creating a Default Partitioning Scheme......Page 271
Creating an MBR Partition......Page 274
Customized Partitioning......Page 275
Configuring Swap Space......Page 276
Configuring RAID......Page 277
Configuring the Boot Loader and Network......Page 282
Selecting a Time Zone......Page 283
Selecting a Package Group......Page 284
Configuring SELinux......Page 286
Setting the Date and Time......Page 287
Configuring Oracle Enterprise Linux 5......Page 288
Configuring YUM......Page 289
Running the Oracle Validated RPM......Page 290
Using the up2date Command......Page 292
Creating the Oracle User and Groups......Page 293
Configuring Kernel Parameters......Page 295
Working with Shared Memory......Page 296
Using Semaphores......Page 298
Setting Network Parameters......Page 299
Setting the Number of Open Files......Page 300
Using Magic SysRq Keys......Page 302
Setting PAM Limits......Page 303
Setting Kernel Boot Parameters......Page 304
Setting the Huge Pages Kernel Parameter......Page 305
I/O Fencing and the Hangcheck-Timer Kernel Module......Page 307
Creating the Oracle Software Directories......Page 308
Setting Environment Variables......Page 309
Putting Environment Variables to Work......Page 314
Configuring Hostnames and Name Resolution......Page 315
Using NTP......Page 316
Configuring Secure Shell......Page 318
Configuring Shared Storage......Page 321
Discovering and Configuring SAN Disk......Page 322
Partitioning Disks......Page 323
I/O Multipathing with Device-Mapper......Page 327
Preparing the Partitions for ASM with ASMLIB......Page 331
Preparing the Partitions for ASM with udev......Page 332
Network Channel Bonding......Page 336
I/O Fencing with IPMI......Page 340
Summary......Page 345
Obtain Software Distribution......Page 346
Starting an X environment in a console window......Page 347
Starting an X environment using VNC......Page 348
Advanced Installation Manual Configuration......Page 350
Network Configuration......Page 351
DNS Configuration......Page 352
Choosing an Installation Option......Page 353
Selecting an Advanced or Typical Installation Type......Page 355
Selecting a Language......Page 356
Configuring the Grid Plug and Play......Page 357
Configuring the Cluster Node Information Page......Page 359
Configuring the Network Interface Usage Page......Page 360
Configuring the Storage Option Information Page......Page 361
Creating an ASM Disk Group......Page 363
Specifying an ASM Password......Page 364
Configuring Privileged Operating System Groups......Page 365
Setting the Installation Location......Page 367
Performing Prerequisite Checks......Page 368
Identifying Typical Errors......Page 369
Getting More Detail......Page 370
Fixup Scripts......Page 371
Anatomy of Fixup Scripts......Page 372
Addressing Failed Checks......Page 373
Reviewing the Summary Page......Page 374
Reviewing Execute Configuration Scripts......Page 375
Execution Order......Page 376
Executing the root.sh script......Page 377
Monitoring Configuration Assistants......Page 382
Configuring a Network Configuration......Page 383
Configuring DNS......Page 385
Configuring DHCP......Page 386
Setting up the Grid Plug and Play Information Page......Page 387
Configuring the Cluster Node Information Page......Page 388
The Summary Page......Page 389
Choosing the Installation Type......Page 390
Specifying the Cluster Configuration Page......Page 391
Install Locations Page......Page 392
Reviewing the Summary Page for a Typical Installation......Page 393
Installing a Standalone Server......Page 394
Selecting an Installation Option......Page 395
Reviewing the Summary Page for a Standalone Installation......Page 396
Configuring the Execute Configuration Scripts......Page 398
Deinstalling the Grid Infrastructure Software......Page 399
Summary......Page 400
Introducing Clusterware......Page 401
Examining the Hardware and Software Requirements......Page 402
Storing Cluster Information with the Oracle Cluster Registry......Page 403
Fencing with the Voting Disk......Page 404
Recording Information with the Grid Plug and Play Profile......Page 405
Grid Infrastructure Software Stacks......Page 406
Drilling Down on the High Availability Stack......Page 407
Drilling Down on the Cluster Ready Services Stack......Page 408
Using Grid Infrastructure Agents......Page 410
Initiating the Startup Sequence......Page 411
Managing Oracle Clusterware......Page 413
Using the Clusterware Control Utility......Page 414
Managing Resources with srvctl......Page 417
Verifying the Cluster with the CVU......Page 418
Dumping Contents of the OCR with ocrdump......Page 422
Defining Server-Side Callouts......Page 423
Managing Resource Profiles......Page 425
Configuring Active/Passive Clustering for Oracle Database......Page 426
Configuring Active/Passive Clustering for Apache Tomcat......Page 431
Using Oracle Restart......Page 435
Resolving Startup Issues......Page 437
Failing to Start OHAS......Page 438
Failing to Start Agents Created by OHAS......Page 440
Failing to Start the Cluster Synchronization Services Daemon......Page 441
Failing to Start the Cluster Ready Services Daemon......Page 442
Agents spawned by CRSD......Page 443
Patching Grid Infrastructure......Page 444
Adding Nodes......Page 448
Executing the addNode.sh Script......Page 449
Finishing the Node Addition......Page 451
Adding the RDBMS Software......Page 453
Deleting Nodes......Page 454
Removing the Clustered RDBMS Home......Page 455
Removing the Node from the Cluster......Page 457
Exploring More Advanced Topics......Page 459
Selecting non-Default Listener Ports......Page 460
Selecting a non-Default SCAN Listener Endpoint......Page 463
Changing the SCAN After Installation......Page 464
Maintaining Voting Disks......Page 465
Restoring Voting Disks......Page 466
Moving Voting Disks into ASM......Page 467
Dealing With a Corrupt or Inaccessible OLR......Page 469
Dealing with a Corrupt or Inaccessible OCR......Page 471
Moving the OCR into ASM......Page 473
Summary......Page 474
Introducing ASM......Page 476
ASM Terminology......Page 477
Supported File Types......Page 478
ASM and RDBMS Support......Page 479
ASM Instances......Page 480
SGA......Page 481
Background Processes......Page 482
Parameters......Page 484
Failure Groups......Page 485
Naming Files......Page 486
Understanding Extents, Allocation Units, Types, and Templates......Page 487
Striping......Page 489
Intelligent Data Placement......Page 490
Understanding Access Privileges......Page 491
Preparing the ASM Disk Group......Page 492
Changing File Ownership and Permissions......Page 494
Creating an ASM Disk Group......Page 496
Extending an ASM Disk Group......Page 499
Dropping Disks from an ASM Disk Group......Page 500
Understanding the ASM Header......Page 501
Installing the Grid Infrastructure......Page 502
ASM Cluster File System......Page 503
Creating and Mounting an ACFS Using ASMCA......Page 505
Creating and Mounting an ACFS Using the Command Line......Page 512
Maintaining the ACFS......Page 515
Administering ASM......Page 517
Knowing Your Options......Page 518
Dealing with Connected Clients......Page 519
ASM Administration Using SRVCTL......Page 520
Accessing Files in ASM......Page 521
Using Files Instead of Devices......Page 522
Virtualization and Shared Disks......Page 523
Summary......Page 524
Start the Installer......Page 525
Configuring the Installation Options Page......Page 526
Configuring the Node Selection Page......Page 527
Configuring the Product Language Selection Page......Page 528
Configuring the Database Editions Page......Page 529
Configuring the Installation Locations Page......Page 530
Configuring the Privileged Operating Systems Group Page......Page 531
Reviewing the Summary Page......Page 532
Executing Configuration Scripts......Page 533
Configuring the Welcome Page......Page 534
Configuring the Operations Page......Page 535
Creating a Database......Page 536
Configuring the Database Templates Page......Page 537
Configuring the Database Identification Page (Admin-Managed)......Page 538
Configuring the Database Identification Page (Policy-Managed)......Page 539
Management Options Page......Page 541
Database Credentials Page......Page 542
Database File Locations Page......Page 543
Setting up the Recovery Configuration Page......Page 544
Configuring the Database Content Page......Page 545
Configuring the Standard Database Components Page......Page 546
Configuring the Initializations Parameters Page......Page 548
Configuring the Database Storage Page......Page 552
Configuring the Creation Options Page......Page 554
Reviewing the Summary Page......Page 555
Configuring the Database Options......Page 556
Deleting a Database......Page 558
Building Database Creation Scripts......Page 559
Setting up Admin-Managed Database Scripts......Page 560
Executing the ADMIN1.sh Script......Page 561
Creating the ADMIN1.sql Script......Page 562
Generating the init.ora File......Page 564
Executing the CreateDB.sql Script......Page 565
Executing the CreateDBFiles.sql Script......Page 566
Executing the CreateDBCatalog.sql Script......Page 567
Executing the ordinst.sql Script......Page 568
Executing the apex.sql Script......Page 569
Executing the postDBCreation.sql Script......Page 570
Building Policy-Managed Database Scripts......Page 572
Executing the POLICY_1.sql Script......Page 573
Executing the init.ora File for a Policy-Managed Database......Page 574
Deinstalling the RDBMS Software......Page 575
Summary......Page 577
Introducing Services......Page 578
Creating an Administrator Managed Database vs. Policy-Managed Database......Page 579
Managing Services with the Database Scheduler......Page 580
Using Services with Shared Server......Page 582
Managing Services with SRVCTL......Page 583
Managing Services with Enterprise Manager......Page 588
Balancing the Workload......Page 591
Configuring Client-Side Load Balancing......Page 592
Configuring Server-Side Load Balancing......Page 593
Exploring the Load Advisory Framework......Page 595
Using Transparent Application Failover......Page 596
Configuring Transparent Application Failover......Page 597
Using TAF with JDBC Applications......Page 598
Implementing Fast Application Notification......Page 603
Implementing a Fast Connection Failover Example......Page 608
Establishing Connection Affinity......Page 614
Using the Resource Manager......Page 616
Caging an Instance......Page 619
Database Resident Connection Pool......Page 620
Summary......Page 623
Oracle Performance Monitoring......Page 625
Enterprise Manager Database Control......Page 626
The Cluster Tab......Page 627
The Performance Tab......Page 629
AWR Reports......Page 631
Interpreting the RAC Statistics of an AWR Report......Page 635
Top 5 Timed Foreground Events......Page 636
Global Cache and Enqueue Services Workload Characteristics......Page 637
Cluster Interconnect......Page 638
Wait Event Histogram......Page 639
RAC-Related Segment Statistics......Page 640
Library Cache Activity (RAC)......Page 641
Global Current Served Statistics......Page 642
Global Cache Transfer Statistics......Page 643
Dynamic Remastering Statistics......Page 644
Active Session History......Page 645
Controlling ADDM......Page 647
AWR SQL Report......Page 649
Performance Monitoring Using SQLPlus......Page 650
Segment Statistics......Page 651
Global Caches Services: Consistent and Current Reads......Page 653
Global Cache Services: Current Block Activity......Page 655
Global Enqueue Service......Page 658
Library Cache......Page 659
Lock Conversions......Page 660
Automatic Diagnostic Repository......Page 662
Summary......Page 670
The uptime and last Commands......Page 671
The ps Command......Page 672
The free Command......Page 673
The /proc File System......Page 674
The /sys/devices/system/node File System......Page 675
The pmap Command......Page 676
top......Page 678
vmstat......Page 680
strace......Page 681
Looking at Interface Statistics......Page 682
Listening Socket Statistics......Page 683
Reporting on Socket Statistics Using ss......Page 684
Capturing and Displaying Network Packets......Page 685
iostat......Page 686
mpstat......Page 687
Configuring sar......Page 688
Invoking sar Directly......Page 689
Graphing the Results......Page 690
Installing the Oracle Cluster Health Monitor......Page 692
Starting and Stopping the Oracle Cluster Health Monitor......Page 695
Installing the Client-Side GUI......Page 696
Viewing Current and Captured Activity......Page 697
Installing OSWatcher......Page 698
Stopping OSWatcher......Page 699
Viewing Results Graphically......Page 700
nmon......Page 701
Summary......Page 703
Parallel Execution......Page 704
Serial Execution......Page 705
Parallel Execution......Page 706
Producers and Consumers......Page 708
Bloom Filters......Page 713
Partitioning......Page 715
db_block_size, db_cache_size, and db_file_multiblock_read_count......Page 717
instance_groups and parallel_instance_group......Page 718
parallel_adaptive_multi_user......Page 719
parallel_degree_limit......Page 720
Automatic Degree of Parallelism......Page 721
Statement Queuing......Page 722
In-memory Parallel Execution......Page 723
parallel_force_local......Page 724
parallel_min_percent......Page 725
AWR Reports......Page 726
SQLPlus......Page 730
Trace Files......Page 731
Summary......Page 732
Upgrading Grid Infrastructure Components......Page 733
Installing the Prerequisites......Page 734
Running the Installer......Page 735
Specifying Options......Page 736
Running the Upgrade......Page 741
Upgrading RAC Software......Page 745
Running the Installer......Page 746
Running Configuration Scripts......Page 748
Identifying the Upgrade Path......Page 750
Testing the Upgrade Process......Page 751
Running the pre-Upgrade Tool......Page 752
Saving Current Database Parameters......Page 757
Backing up the Database......Page 758
Upgrading Automatically with DBUA......Page 759
Upgrading a Database Manually......Page 768
Preparing the Parameter Files......Page 770
Running the Catalog Upgrade Script......Page 771
Configuring SPFILE......Page 772
Running the post-Upgrade Status Tool......Page 773
Running post-Upgrade Scripts......Page 774
Recompiling Invalid Packages......Page 776
Updating the Oracle Cluster Registry......Page 778
Setting the Initialization Parameters for the New Release......Page 779
Completing Mandatory post-Upgrade Tasks......Page 780
Performing the Recommended Tasks......Page 781
Resolving Problems in Mixed-Database Environments......Page 783
Using a Swing Kit......Page 784
Summary......Page 785
and Numbers......Page 786
. A......Page 787
. B......Page 790
. C......Page 791
. D......Page 795
. E......Page 798
. F......Page 799
. G......Page 800
. H......Page 802
. I......Page 803
. K......Page 806
. L......Page 807
. M......Page 808
. N......Page 810
. O......Page 811
. P......Page 814
. R......Page 818
. S......Page 821
. T......Page 825
. U......Page 826
. V......Page 828
. X......Page 829
.......Page 830

✦ Subjects

Библиотека;Компьютерная литература;Oracle;