โ Scribed by Balaka Biswas, Ayan Karmakar
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
This proposed book focuses on the design and development of printed antennas along with modeling aspects for multifaceted applications. It further investigates imperfections in the manufacturing processes and assembly operation during the testing/characterization of printed antennas.
This text-
The book comprehensively discusses fractal engineering in printed antennas for miniaturization and enhancement of performance factors. It further covers the modeling of electrically small antennas, circuit modeling, modeling of factual-based Ultra-Wide Band antennas, and modeling of reconfigurable micro-electromechanical system-based patch antennas. The book highlights performance metrics of multiple-input-multiple-output antennas. It will serve as an ideal reference text for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in fields including electrical engineering, electronics, communications engineering, and computer engineering.
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Preface
About the Authors
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Printed Antennas for Modern-Day Communication
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Printed Antennas
1.2.1 Microstrip Antennas
1.2.2 Slot Antennas
1.2.3 Dipole Antennas
1.2.4 Monopole Antennas
1.2.5 Inverted F-Antennas
1.2.6 Log Periodic Antennas
1.2.7 Quasi-Yagi Antennas
1.2.8 Fractal Antennas
1.2.9 Bow Tie Antennas
1.2.10 Spiral Antennas
1.2.11 Microstrip Leaky Wave Antennas
1.3 Summary
References
Problems
2 Fractals in Printed Antennas
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cantor Set
2.3 Koch Curve
2.4 Sierpinski Carpet
2.5 Sierpinski Gasket
2.6 Minkowski Fractal
2.7 Pythagoras Tree Fractal
2.8 Hilbert Curve Fractal
2.9 Background Study of Fractals in Antenna Engineering
2.9.1 UWB Fractal Antennas With Elliptical/Circular Patches
2.9.2 UWB Fractal Antennas With Square/Rectangular Patch
2.9.3 UWB Fractal Antennas of Different Shapes
2.9.4 UWB Fractal Antennas With Ground Plane
2.10 Recent Works on Fractals in Antenna Engineering
2.11 Summary
References
Problems
3 Journey of UWB Antennas Towards Miniaturization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Initial Developmental Phase
3.3 Improvement/Developmental Phase of UWB Antennas
3.3.1 UWB Planar Metal Plate Monopole Antennas
3.3.2 UWB Printed Monopole Antennas
3.3.2.1 Microstrip Fed Printed Monopole Antennas
3.3.2.2 Coplanar Waveguide Fed Printed Monopole Antennas
3.3.3 UWB Slot/Aperture Monopole Antennas
3.3.3.1 Microstrip Fed Slot/Aperture Monopole Antennas
3.3.3.2 CPW Fed Slot/Aperture Monopole Antennas
3.4 Band Notched Characteristics of UWB Antennas
3.4.1 Single-Band Notched UWB Antennas
3.4.1.1 Slots on the Radiating Patch
3.4.1.2 Parasitic Strips in UWB Slot Antennas
3.4.1.3 Slots on the Ground Plane
3.4.1.4 Slots on Feed Line
3.4.2 Dual-Band Notched UWB Antennas
3.4.3 Multiple-Band Notched UWB Antennas
3.5 A Brief Review of Tapered Slot Antennas
3.5.1 Compact Design of Vivaldi Antennas
3.5.2 Improved Antipodal Vivaldi Antennas
3.6 Summary
References
Problems
4 Modeling of Printed Antennas
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Modeling of Electrically Small Antennas
4.3 Circuit Modeling
4.3.1 Antenna I
4.3.2 Antenna II
4.3.3 Antenna III
4.4 Modeling of Fractal-Based UWB Antennas
4.4.1 Antenna I
4.4.2 Antenna II
4.4.3 Antenna III
4.5 Modeling of Reconfigurable MEMS-Based Patch Antennas
4.6 Circuit Modeling
4.7 Summary
References
Problems
5 Printed Antennas for Biomedical Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antenna Development Inside the Capsule
5.2.1 Antenna Design
5.2.2 Parametric Studies
5.2.3 Measurement of the Antenna
5.3 Antenna Development Outside the Capsule
5.3.1 Antenna Design
5.3.2 Electrical Equivalent Circuit
5.3.3 Measurement of Antennas
5.4 Link Budget Analysis
5.5 Summary
References
Problems
6 High-Gain Printed Antennas for Sub-Millimeter Wave Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design and Development of High-Gain Printed Antennas
6.2.1 Design of Parasitic Element Loaded Microstrip Antenna Arrays With Enriched Gain
6.2.2 Antenna Fabrication
6.3 Summary
References
Problems
7 Systematic Investigation of Various Common Imperfections in Printed Antenna Technology and Empirical Modeling
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fabrication-Related Imperfections
7.2.1 Surface Roughness or Hillocks
7.2.1.1 Hammerstad-Bekkadal Model
7.2.1.2 Huray Model
7.2.2 Voids in Via-Hole Filling
7.2.3 Voids in Traditional Conducting Plates of Radiator or Feed Networks
7.2.4 Unexpected Polymer Residues in the Gap Between Two Metal Traces
7.2.5 Cavity Opening Problem in Bulk Micro-Machined Antennas
7.2.6 Sagging Problems in Surface Micromachining
7.2.7 Improper Wafer Bonding or Misalignment in 3D Vertical Integration
7.3 IC Assembly or Packaging-Related Issues
7.3.1 Effect of Epoxy Spreading
7.3.2 Improper Wire Bonding
7.4 Summary
References
Problems
8 Multiple Input and Multiple Output Antennas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Performance Metrics of MIMO Antennas
8.2.1 Envelope Correlation Coefficient
8.2.2 Diversity Gain
8.2.3 Total Active Refection Coefficient
8.2.4 Channel Capacity Loss
8.3 Challenges in MIMO Antenna Design
8.4 Different Methods to Reduce Mutual Coupling
8.4.1 Defected Ground Structure
8.4.2 Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures
8.4.3 Neutralization Line
8.4.4 Metamaterial Structures
8.4.5 Parasitic Elements
8.5 Types of MIMO Antennas
8.5.1 Single-Band MIMO Antennas
8.5.2 Dual/Multiband MIMO Antennas
8.5.3 Wide-Band MIMO Antennas
8.5.4 Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antennas
8.6 MIMO Antennas in Biomedical Usage
8.7 Reconfigurable MIMO Antennas
8.8 Summary
References
Problems
9 Antennas for Microwave Imaging
9.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Why Microwave?
9.1.3 Challenges to Designing Microwave Imaging Systems
9.1.4 Application of Microwave Imaging
9.2 Types of Microwave Imaging
9.3 Antennas for Microwave Imaging
9.3.1 Medical Imaging Applications
9.3.1.1 Monopole Antennas
9.3.1.2 Vivaldi Antennas
9.3.1.3 Bow-Tie Antennas
9.3.1.4 Fractal Antennas
9.3.1.5 Horn Antenna
9.3.2 Concealed Weapon Detection Applications
9.3.3 Structural Health Monitoring
9.4 Summary
References
Problems
10 Rectennas: A New Frontier for Future Wireless Communication
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Performance Metrics of RF Harvesters
10.2.1 Range of Operation
10.2.2 Power Conversion Efficiency of RF to DC
10.2.3 Q-Factor of the Resonator
10.2.4 Sensitivity
10.2.5 Output Power
10.3 Design Protocol of RF Energy Harvesting Circuits
10.4 Building Blocks of Rectennas
10.4.1 Front-End Antennas
10.4.2 Impedance Matching Networks
10.4.3 Rectifying Circuits
10.5 Practical Applications of RF Energy Harvesters
10.5.1 Healthcare Devices/Biomedical Engineering
10.5.2 Future Wireless Communication Networks
10.5.3 Explosive Detection Missions
10.5.4 Unique Solutions for Specific Military Applications
10.6 Summary
References
Problems
Future Scope
Appendices
Appendix-1 RF And Microwave Frequency Spectrum Along With Practical Applications
Appendix-2 Comparison of Different Planar Antenna
Appendix-3 Comparison of Various Computational Electromagnetic Solvers
Appendix-4 Popular Types of Planar Antennas forAntenna-in-Package (AiP) Configuration
Index
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