Preface
Contents
1 Modulations and Channel Codes
1.1 Modulations and Codeword Metrics
Matched Filter
Downconversion and Filtering
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Binary and Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
Orthogonal Modulation
Differential Phase-Shift Keying
1.2 Block Codes
Hard-Decision Decoders
Soft-Decision Decoders
Performance Examples
1.3 Convolutional and Trellis Codes
Encoding and Decoding of Convolutional Codes
Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoder
Trellis-Coded Modulation
1.4 Interleavers
1.5 Code Combinations
Classical Concatenated Codes
Product Codes
1.6 Turbo Codes
BCJR Decoding Algorithm
Turbo Codes with Parallel Component Codes
Parallel Convolutional Codes
Parallel Block Codes
Turbo Trellis-Coded Modulation
Serially Concatenated Turbo Codes
Turbo Product Codes
1.7 Iterative Demodulation and Decoding
1.8 Simulation Examples
1.9 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes
Structured LDPC Codes
LDPC Performance
1.10 Problems
2 Direct-Sequence Systems
2.1 Definitions and Concepts
2.2 Spreading Sequences
Shift-Register Sequences
Maximal Sequences
Characteristic Polynomials
Autocorrelations and Power Spectra
Walsh Sequences
2.3 Long Nonlinear Sequences
Susceptibility to Cryptanalysis
Nonlinear Sequence Generators
2.4 DS-BPSK System
Tone Interference at Carrier Frequency
General Tone Interference
Gaussian Interference
2.5 Quaternary Systems
Dual Quaternary System
Balanced QPSK System
Complex Binary Spreading Sequences
Power Spectral Densities
2.6 Pulsed Interference and Decoding Metrics
2.7 Noncoherent Systems
2.8 Despreading with Bandpass Matched Filters
Surface-Acoustic-Wave Filters
Multipath-Resistant Coherent System
2.9 Problems
3 Frequency-Hopping Systems
3.1 Concepts and Characteristics
3.2 Basic Data Modulations
OSK
DPSK
ฯ/4-DQPSK
3.3 Partial-Band Interference
Dependence on Data Modulation
Examples of Impact
Turbo and LDPC Codes
3.4 CPM and CPFSK
Modulations
Multitone Jamming
3.5 Power Spectral Densities of FH-CPM
3.6 Digital Demodulation of FH-CPFSK
3.7 Multisymbol Noncoherent Demodulation of CPFSK
3.8 Hybrid Systems
3.9 Frequency Synthesizers
Direct Digital Synthesizer
Indirect Frequency Synthesizers
Multiple Loops
Fractional-N Synthesizer
3.10 Problems
4 Frequency and Timing Synchronization
4.1 Synchronization of Direct-Sequence Signals
Joint Frequency and Timing Synchronization
Frequency Synchronization
Timing Synchronization
4.2 Rapid Timing Acquisition
Matched-Filter Acquisition
Sequential Estimator
4.3 Serial-Search Acquisition
Uniform Search with Uniform Distribution
Consecutive-Count Double-Dwell System
Single-Dwell and Matched-Filter Systems
UpโDown Double-Dwell System
Penalty Time
Other Search Strategies
Density of the Acquisition Time
Alternative Analysis
4.4 Acquisition Correlator
4.5 Performance of Serial-Search Acquisition
4.6 Sequential Acquisition
4.7 Tracking
Delay-Locked Loop
Tau-Dither Loop
4.8 Frequency-Hopping Synchronization
Frequency Synchronization
Pattern Synchronization
Matched-Filter Acquisition
Serial-Search Acquisition
Pattern Tracking
4.9 Problems
5 Adaptive Filters and Arrays
5.1 Real and Complex Gradients
Real Gradients
Complex Gradients
5.2 Adaptive Filters
Optimal Weight Vector
Method of Steepest Descent
LMS Algorithm
Convergence of the Mean
Misadjustment
Normalized LMS Algorithm
Rayleigh Quotient
Convergence of the Mean
Misadjustment
5.3 Rejection of Narrowband Interference
Time-Domain Adaptive Filters
Transform-Domain Filters
Extension of Kalman Filter
ACM Filter
Adaptive ACM Filter
5.4 Rejection of Wideband Interference
Lagrange Multipliers
Constrained Minimum-Power Criterion
Frost Algorithm
Convergence of the Mean
5.5 Optimal Array
5.6 Adaptive Array for Direct-Sequence Systems
Derivation of Maximin Algorithm
Implementation of the Adaptive Processor
Adaptive Filter
Convergence Analysis
Simulation of Maximin Algorithm
5.7 Adaptive Array for Frequency-Hopping Systems
Initial and Main Processors
Anticipative Adaptive Filters
Simulation Experiments
5.8 Problems
6 Fading and Diversity
6.1 Path Loss, Shadowing, and Fading
6.2 Characteristics of Fading
Rayleigh, Ricean, and Nakagami Fading
Time-Selective and Fast Fading
Isotropic Scattering
Fading Rate and Fade Duration for the Rayleigh Channel
Frequency-Selective Fading
6.3 Scattering Models
6.4 Spatial Diversity
6.5 Maximal-Ratio Combining
Basic Method
DS-BPSK and DS-QPSK
Coherent DS-CSK
6.6 Equal-Gain Combining
6.7 Noncoherent Combining
DPSK
Noncoherent OSK
6.8 Selection Combining
6.9 Transmit Diversity
6.10 Channel Codes and Fading
6.11 Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation
6.12 Rake Receiver
DS-BPSK
DS-DPSK
Noncoherent DS-BCSK
Effects of Multipath Components
6.13 Frequency-Hopping Diversity
6.14 Multicarrier Direct-Sequence Systems
6.15 Single-Channel CDMA Systems
Zero-Forcing Equalizer
MRC Equalizer
MMSE Equalizer
Performance Analysis for Binary Symbols and BPSK
Channel-State Estimator
Peak-to-Average Ratio
6.16 DS-CDMA-FDE Systems
Zero-Forcing Equalizer
MRC and MMSE Equalizers
Performance Analysis for Binary Symbols and BPSK
Channel-State Estimator
Comparisons
6.17 Problems
7 Code-Division Multiple Access
7.1 Implications of Information Theory
7.2 Short Spreading Sequences
Periodic Correlations and Synchronous Signals
Multirate Sequences
Polyphase Sequences
Welch Bound
Gold and Kasami Sequences
Aperiodic Sequences
Complementary Codes
7.3 Direct-Sequence Systems with ShortSpreading Sequences
DS-BPSK Systems with Conventional Receivers
Synchronous CDMA
Asynchronous CDMA
7.4 Alternative Spreading Systems
Chaotic Spread-Spectrum Systems
Ultra-Wideband Systems
7.5 Systems with Long Spreading Sequences
DS-BPSK Systems
Asynchronous Received Signals
Synchronous Received Signals
DS-QPSK Systems
7.6 Frequency-Hopping Patterns for CDMA
Periodic Hamming Cross-Correlation
Partial Hamming Cross-Correlation
Uniform Patterns
7.7 Multiuser Detectors and CDMA
Optimal Multiuser Detector
Decorrelating Detector
Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Detector
Adaptive Multiuser Detector
Multiuser Detection and Frequency Hopping
7.8 Interference Cancelers
Successive Interference Canceler
Parallel Interference Canceler
7.9 MIMO Systems
Spatial Multiplexing
Multicode MIMO
CSI and Massive MIMO
Beamforming
7.10 Problems
8 Mobile Ad Hoc and Cellular Networks
8.1 Conditional Outage Probability
8.2 DS-CDMA Ad Hoc Networks
8.3 DS-CDMA Cellular Networks
Cell Search for Downlinks
Adaptive Rate Control
8.4 DS-CDMA Cellular Uplinks
Uplink Power Control
Network Topology
Outage Probability
Uplink Rate Control
8.5 DS-CDMA Cellular Downlinks
Outage Probability
Downlink Rate Control
Downlink Power Control
8.6 FH-CDMA Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Conditional Outage Probability
Rate Adaptation
Modulation-Constrained Area Spectral Density
Optimization Algorithm
8.7 FH-CDMA Cellular Networks
8.8 Problems
9 Iterative Channel Estimation, Demodulation,and Decoding
9.1 ExpectationโMaximization Algorithm
Fixed-Point Iteration
9.2 Direct-Sequence Systems
Encoding, Modulation, and Channel Estimation
Iterative Receiver Structure
Application of EM Algorithm
Perfect Phase Information at Receiver
No Phase Information at Receiver
Options for Blind Methods
Single-User Environment, Perfect Phase Knowledge
Multiuser Environment, Unknown Phase
Varying Fading-Block Size, Unknown Phase
Varying Multiple-Access Interference, Unknown Phase
Multipath Channel
Comparison of Options
9.3 Guidance from Information Theory
9.4 Robust Frequency-Hopping Systems
System Model
Demodulator Metrics
Channel Estimators
Selection of Modulation Index
Partial-Band Interference
Asynchronous Multiple-Access Interference
9.5 Problems
10 Detection of Spread-Spectrum Signals
10.1 Detection of Direct-Sequence Signals
Detection of a Known Signal in AWGN
Direct-Sequence Signals
10.2 Radiometer
Rayleigh Fading
Estimation of Noise Power
Other Implementation Issues
10.3 Detection of Frequency-Hopping Signals
10.4 Channelized Radiometer
10.5 Problems
A Gaussian Random Variables
A.1 General Characteristics
A.2 Central Limit Theorem
B Moment-Generating Function and Laplace Transform
B.1 Moment-Generating Function
B.2 Chernoff Bound
B.3 Laplace Transform
C Fourier Transform and Characteristic Function
C.1 Fourier Transform
Fubini's Theorem
C.2 Characteristic Function
D Signal Characteristics
D.1 Bandpass Signals
D.2 Stationary Stochastic Processes
Analytic Signal
Complex Envelope
Power Spectral Density
White Gaussian Noise
D.3 Linear Filtering and the PSD
D.4 Sampling Theorem
E Probability Distributions
E.1 Chi-Squared Distribution
E.2 Central Chi-Squared Distribution
E.3 Rice Distribution
E.4 Rayleigh Distribution
E.5 Exponential Distribution
E.6 Gamma Distribution
F Orthonormal Functions and Parameter Estimation
F.1 Inner Product Spaces
F.2 Signal Space
F.3 Dirac Delta Function and White Noise
F.4 Estimation of Waveform Parameters
F.5 CramerโRao Inequality
G Hermitian Matrices
H Special Functions
H.1 Gamma Functions
H.2 Beta Function
H.3 Bessel Functions of the First Kind
H.4 Q-functions
H.5 Hypergeometric Function
References
Index