Principles of Physics: For Scientists and Engineers

✍ Scribed by Radi, Hafez A;Rasmussen, John O

• Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• Year: 2012;2013
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1069
• Series: Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This textbook presents a basic course in physics to teach mechanics, mechanical properties of matter, thermal properties of matter, elementary thermodynamics, electrodynamics, electricity, magnetism, light and optics and sound. It includes simple mathematical approaches to each physical principle, and all examples and exercises are selected carefully to reinforce each chapter. In addition, answers to all exercises are included that should ultimately help solidify the concepts in the minds of the students and increase their confidence in the subject. Many boxed features are used to separate the examples from the text and to highlight some important physical outcomes and rules. The appendices are chosen in such a way that all basic simple conversion factors, basic rules and formulas, basic rules of differentiation and integration can be viewed quickly, helping student to understand the elementary mathematical steps used for solving the examples and exercises.

Instructors teaching form this textbook will be able to gain online access to the solutions manual which provides step-by-step solutions to all exercises contained in the book. The solutions manual also contains many tips, coloured illustrations, and explanations on how the solutions were derived.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Part IFundamental Basics......Page 20
1.1 The International System of Units......Page 21
1.2 Standards of Length, Time, and Mass......Page 23
1.3 Dimensional Analysis......Page 27
1.4 Exercises......Page 30
2.1 Vectors and Scalars......Page 34
2.2 Properties of Vectors......Page 36
2.3 Vector Components and Unit Vectors......Page 39
2.4 Multiplying Vectors......Page 44
2.5 Exercises......Page 50
Part IIMechanics......Page 56
3.1 Position and Displacement......Page 57
3.2 Average Velocity and Average Speed......Page 58
3.3 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed......Page 60
3.4 Acceleration......Page 64
3.5 Constant Acceleration......Page 68
3.6 Free Fall......Page 73
3.7 Exercises......Page 78
4.1 Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors......Page 87
4.2 Projectile Motion......Page 95
4.3 Uniform Circular Motion......Page 103
4.4 Tangential and Radial Acceleration......Page 106
4.5 Non-uniform Circular Motion......Page 107
4.6 Exercises......Page 109
5.1 The Cause of Acceleration and Newton's Laws......Page 119
5.2 Some Particular Forces......Page 122
5.3 Applications to Newton's Laws......Page 129
5.4 Exercises......Page 140
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 152
6.2 Work Done by a Variable Force......Page 157
6.3 Work-Energy Theorem......Page 163
6.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy......Page 166
6.5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy......Page 172
6.6 Work Done by Non-conservative Forces......Page 174
6.7 Conservation of Energy......Page 177
6.8 Power......Page 181
6.9 Exercises......Page 185
7.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse......Page 196
7.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum......Page 199
7.3.1 Elastic Collisions in One and Two Dimensions......Page 202
7.3.2 Inelastic Collisions......Page 209
7.4 Center of Mass (CM)......Page 210
7.5 Dynamics of the Center of Mass......Page 214
7.6 Systems of Variable Mass......Page 218
7.6.1 Systems of Increasing Mass......Page 219
7.6.2 Systems of Decreasing Mass; Rocket Propulsion......Page 220
7.7 Exercises......Page 224
8.1 Radian Measures......Page 241
8.2 Rotational Kinematics; Angular Quantities......Page 242
8.3 Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 246
8.5 Relating Angular and Linear Quantities......Page 247
8.6 Rotational Dynamics; Torque......Page 252
8.7 Newton's Second Law for Rotation......Page 254
8.8 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power in Rotation......Page 262
8.9 Rolling Motion......Page 266
8.10 Exercises......Page 273
9.1.1 Angular Momentum of a Particle......Page 283
9.1.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Body......Page 285
9.2 Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 291
9.3 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope......Page 299
9.4 Exercises......Page 303
10 Mechanical Properties of Matter......Page 317
10.1 Density and Relative Density......Page 318
10.2 Elastic Properties of Solids......Page 320
10.2.1 Young's Modulus: Elasticity in Length......Page 321
10.2.2 Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape......Page 324
10.2.3 Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity......Page 326
10.3 Fluids......Page 328
10.4 Fluid Statics......Page 330
10.5 Fluid Dynamics......Page 342
10.6 Exercises......Page 359
Part IIIIntroductory Thermodynamics......Page 369
11.1 Temperature......Page 370
11.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids......Page 373
11.2.1 Linear Expansion......Page 374
11.2.2 Volume Expansion......Page 375
11.3 The Ideal Gas......Page 378
11.4 Exercises......Page 384
12.1.1 Units of Heat, The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat......Page 392
12.1.2 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat......Page 393
12.1.3 Latent Heat......Page 397
12.2 Heat and Work......Page 403
12.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 408
12.4 Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 409
12.5 Heat Transfer......Page 419
12.6 Exercises......Page 429
13.1 Microscopic Model of an Ideal Gas......Page 439
13.2 Molar Specific Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas......Page 446
13.2.1 Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume......Page 447
13.2.2 Molar Specific Heat at Constant Pressure......Page 448
13.3 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 453
13.4 Non-ideal Gases and Phases of Matter......Page 454
13.5 Exercises......Page 456
Part IVSound and Light Waves......Page 461
14.1 Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 462
14.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration of SHM......Page 463
14.1.2 The Force Law for SHM......Page 466
14.1.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page 470
14.2 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 473
14.3.1 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves......Page 474
14.3.2 Wavelength and Frequency......Page 476
14.3.3 Harmonic Waves: Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 477
14.4 The Speed of Waves on Strings......Page 481
14.5 Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings......Page 483
14.6 The Linear Wave Equation......Page 487
14.7 Standing Waves......Page 488
14.7.1 Reflection at a Boundary......Page 492
14.7.2 Standing Waves and Resonance......Page 493
14.8 Exercises......Page 497
15.1 Speed of Sound Waves......Page 509
15.2 Periodic Sound Waves......Page 512
15.3 Energy, Power, and Intensity of Sound Waves......Page 515
15.4 The Decibel Scale......Page 520
15.6 The Doppler Effect......Page 524
15.7 Supersonic Speeds and Shock Waves......Page 531
15.8 Exercises......Page 533
16.1 Superposition and Interference......Page 541
16.2 Spatial Interference of Sound Waves......Page 543
16.3 Standing Sound Waves......Page 547
16.4 Standing Sound Waves in Air Columns......Page 551
16.5 Temporal Interference of Sound Waves: Beats......Page 559
16.6 Exercises......Page 564
17.1 Light Rays......Page 571
17.2 Reflection and Refraction of Light......Page 573
17.3 Total Internal Reflection and Optical Fibers......Page 578
17.4 Chromatic Dispersion and Prisms......Page 581
17.5.1 Plane Mirrors......Page 585
17.5.2 Spherical Mirrors......Page 586
17.6.1 Spherical Refracting Surfaces......Page 593
17.6.2 Flat Refracting Surfaces......Page 594
17.6.3 Thin Lenses......Page 596
17.7 Exercises......Page 605
18.1 Interference of Light Waves......Page 612
18.2 Young's Double Slit Experiment......Page 613
18.3 Thin Films---Change of Phase Due to Reflection......Page 620
18.4 Diffraction of Light Waves......Page 624
18.5 Diffraction Gratings......Page 629
18.6 Polarization of Light Waves......Page 633
18.7 Exercises......Page 636
Part VElectricity......Page 644
19.1 Electric Charge......Page 645
19.2 Charging Conductors and Insulators......Page 647
19.3 Coulomb's Law......Page 650
19.4 Exercises......Page 659
20.1 The Electric Field......Page 667
20.2 The Electric Field of a Point Charge......Page 668
20.3 The Electric Field of an Electric Dipole......Page 674
20.4 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution......Page 678
20.4.1 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Rod......Page 680
20.4.2 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Arc......Page 687
20.4.3 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Ring......Page 689
20.4.4 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Disk......Page 690
20.5 Electric Field Lines......Page 692
20.6 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field......Page 694
20.7 Exercises......Page 699
21.1 Electric Flux......Page 709
21.2 Gauss's Law......Page 713
21.3 Applications of Gauss's Law......Page 715
21.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium......Page 725
21.5 Exercises......Page 728
22.1 Electric Potential Energy......Page 739
22.2 Electric Potential......Page 741
22.3 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field......Page 743
22.4 Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge......Page 749
22.5 Electric Potential Due to a Dipole......Page 753
22.6 Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field......Page 755
22.7 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Rod......Page 757
22.8 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Arc......Page 760
22.9 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Ring......Page 761
22.10 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Disk......Page 762
22.11 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Sphere......Page 764
22.12 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor......Page 765
22.13 Potential Gradient......Page 766
22.14 The Electrostatic Precipitator......Page 769
22.15 The Van de Graaff Generator......Page 770
22.16 Exercises......Page 771
23.1 Capacitor and Capacitance......Page 781
23.2 Calculating Capacitance......Page 783
23.3 Capacitors with Dielectrics......Page 789
23.4 Capacitors in Parallel and Series......Page 798
23.5 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor......Page 803
23.6 Exercises......Page 805
24.1 Electric Current and Electric Current Density......Page 817
24.2 Ohm's Law and Electric Resistance......Page 822
24.3 Electric Power......Page 831
24.4 Electromotive Force......Page 833
24.5 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page 837
24.6 Kirchhoff's Rules......Page 842
24.7 The RC Circuit......Page 846
24.8 Exercises......Page 852
Part VIMagnetism......Page 864
25.1 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge......Page 865
25.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 869
25.3 Charged Particles in an Electric and Magnetic Fields......Page 871
25.3.2 The Mass Spectrometer......Page 872
25.3.3 The Hall Effect......Page 873
25.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 875
25.5 Torque on a Current Loop......Page 880
25.5.1 Electric Motors......Page 882
25.5.2 Galvanometers......Page 883
25.6 Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields......Page 884
25.7 Exercises......Page 885
26.1 The Biot-Savart Law......Page 895
26.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents......Page 901
26.3 Ampere's Law......Page 903
26.4 Displacement Current and the Ampere-Maxwell Law......Page 907
26.5 Gauss's Law for Magnetism......Page 909
26.6 The Origin of Magnetism......Page 910
26.7 Magnetic Materials......Page 914
26.8 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism......Page 916
26.9 Ferromagnetism......Page 920
26.10 Some Applications of Magnetism......Page 925
26.11 Exercises......Page 927
27.1 Faraday's Law of Induction......Page 939
27.2 Motional emf......Page 942
27.3 Electric Generators......Page 946
27.4 Alternating Current......Page 948
27.5 Transformers......Page 949
27.6 Induced Electric Fields......Page 951
27.7 Maxwell's Equations of Electromagnetism......Page 953
27.8 Exercises......Page 956
28.1 Self-Inductance......Page 966
28.2 Mutual Inductance......Page 969
28.3 Energy Stored in an Inductor......Page 971
28.4 The L--R Circuit......Page 972
28.5 The Oscillating L--C Circuit......Page 976
28.6 The L--R--C Circuit......Page 979
28.7 Circuits with an ac Source......Page 982
28.8 L--R--C Series in an ac Circuit......Page 989
28.10 Exercises......Page 993
Conversion Factors......Page 1004
Basic Rules and Formulas......Page 1007
The Periodic Table of Elements......Page 1017
Answers to All Exercises......Page 1018
Index......Page 1059