Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright & Dedication Page
MCAT Test Preparation Guide
About the Authors
Preface
To the Student
Life Science Applications and Problems
CONTENTS
Classical Mechanics
Vibrations & Waves
Fluids
Thermodynamics
Electricity
Magnetism
Optics
Modern Physics
An Invitation to Physics
1 Introduction and Vectors
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
1.2 Dimensional Analysis
1.3 Conversion of Units
1.4 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
1.5 Significant Figures
1.6 Coordinate Systems
1.7 Vectors and Scalars
1.8 Some Properties of Vectors
1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
1.10 Modeling, Alternative Representations, and Problem-Solving Strategy
General Problem-Solving Strategy
Summary, Questions & Problems
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Context 1 Alternative-Fuel Vehicles
2 Motion in One Dimension
2.1 Average Velocity
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Diagrams
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
2.7 Freely Falling Objects
2.8 Context Connection: Acceleration Required by Consumers
Summary, Questions & Problems
3 Motion in Two Dimensions
3.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
3.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
3.3 Projectile Motion
3.4 Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
3.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
3.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
3.7 Context Connection: Lateral Acceleration of Automobiles
Summary, Questions & Problems
4 The Laws of Motion
4.1 The Concept of Force
4.2 Newton’s First Law
4.3 Mass
4.4 Newton’s Second Law
4.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight
4.6 Newton’s Third Law
4.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law
4.8 Context Connection: Forces on Automobiles
Summary, Questions & Problems
5 More Applications of Newton’s Laws
5.1 Forces of Friction
5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model
5.3 Nonuniform Circular Motion
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature
5.6 Context Connection: Drag Coefficients of Automobiles
Summary, Questions & Problems
6 Energy of a System
6.1 Systems and Environments
6.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
6.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
6.4 Work Done by a Varying Force
6.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
6.6 Potential Energy of a System
6.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
6.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
6.9 Potential Energy for Gravitational and Electric Forces
6.10 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System
6.11 Context Connection: Potential Energy in Fuels
Summary, Questions & Problems
7 Conservation of Energy
7.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
7.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
7.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System in Steady State (Energy)
7.4 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
7.5 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
7.6 Power
7.7 Context Connection: Horsepower Ratings of Automobiles
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 1 CONCLUSION Present and Future Possibilities
Context 2 Mission to Mars
8 Momentum and Collisions
8.1 Linear Momentum
8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)
8.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)
8.4 Collisions in One Dimension
8.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions
8.6 The Center of Mass
8.7 Motion of a System of Particles
8.8 Context Connection: Rocket Propulsion
Summary, Questions & Problems
9 Relativity
9.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity
9.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment
9.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
9.4 Consequences of Special Relativity
9.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations
9.6 Relativistic Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton’s Laws
9.7 Relativistic Energy
9.8 Mass and Energy
9.9 General Relativity
9.10 Context Connection: From Mars to the Stars
Summary, Questions & Problems
10 Rotational Motion
10.1 Angular Position, Speed, and Acceleration
10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration
10.3 Relations Between Rotational and Translational Quantities
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy
10.5 Torque and the Vector Product
10.6 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium
10.7 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion
10.9 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)
10.10 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)
10.11 Precessional Motion of Gyroscopes
10.12 Rolling Motion of Rigid Objects
10.13 Context Connection: Turning the Spacecraft
Summary, Questions & Problems
11 Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom
11.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Revisited
11.2 Structural Models
11.3 Kepler’s Laws
11.4 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion
11.5 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory of Hydrogen
11.6 Context Connection: Changing from a Circular to an Elliptical Orbit
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 2 CONCLUSION A Successful Mission Plan
VIBRATIONS AND WAVES
Context 3 Earthquakes
12 Oscillatory Motion
12.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
12.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion
12.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
12.4 The Simple Pendulum
12.5 The Physical Pendulum
12.6 Damped Oscillations
12.7 Forced Oscillations
12.8 Context Connection: Resonance in Structures
Summary, Questions & Problems
13 Mechanical Waves
13.1 Propagation of a Disturbance
13.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave
13.3 The Speed of Transverse Waves on Strings
13.4 Reflection and Transmission
13.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings
13.6 Sound Waves
13.7 The Doppler Effect
13.8 Context Connection: Seismic Waves
Summary, Questions & Problems
14 Superposition and Standing Waves
14.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
14.2 Standing Waves
14.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions
14.4 Standing Waves in Air Columns
14.5 Beats: Interference in Time
14.6 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns
14.7 The Ear and Theories of Pitch Perception BIO
14.8 Context Connection: Building on Antinodes
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 3 CONCLUSION Minimizing the Risk
FLUIDS
Context 4 Heart Attacks BIO
15 Fluid Mechanics
15.1 Pressure
15.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth
15.3 Pressure Measurements
15.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
15.5 Fluid Dynamics
15.6 Streamlines and the Continuity Equation for Fluids
15.7 Bernoulli’s Equation
15.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
15.9 Context Connection: Turbulent Flow of Blood BIO
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 4 CONCLUSION Detecting Atherosclerosis and Preventing Heart Attacks BIO
THERMODYNAMICS
Context 5 Global Warming
16 Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases
16.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
16.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
16.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
16.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
16.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
16.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
16.7 Context Connection: The Atmospheric Lapse Rate
Summary, Questions & Problems
17 Energy in Thermal Processes: The First Law of Thermodynamics
17.1 Heat and Internal Energy
17.2 Specfic Heat
17.3 Latent Heat
17.4 Work in Thermodynamic Processes
17.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
17.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
17.7 Molar Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
17.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
17.9 Molar Specific Heats and the Equipartition of Energy
17.10 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes
17.11 Context Connection: Energy Balance for the Earth
Summary, Questions & Problems
18 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
18.3 The Carnot Engine
18.4 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
18.5 An Alternative Statement of the Second Law
18.6 Entropy
18.7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.8 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes
18.9 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 5 CONCLUSION Predicting the Earth’s Surface Temperature
ELECTRICITY
Context 6 Lightning
19 Electric Forces and Electric Fields
19.1 Historical Overview
19.2 Properties of Electric Charges
19.3 Insulators and Conductors
19.4 Coulomb’s Law
19.5 Electric Fields
19.6 Electric Field Lines
19.7 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field
19.8 Electric Flux
19.9 Gauss’s Law
19.10 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions
19.11 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
19.12 Context Connection: The Atmospheric Electric Field
Summary, Questions & Problems
20 Electric Potential and Capacitance
20.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
20.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field
20.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges
20.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential
20.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions
20.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor
20.7 Capacitance
20.8 Combinations of Capacitors
20.9 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
20.10 Capacitors with Dielectrics
20.11 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a Capacitor
Summary, Questions & Problems
21 Current and Direct Current Circuits
21.1 Electric Current
21.2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
21.3 Superconductors
21.4 A Model for Electrical Conduction
21.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
21.6 Sources of emf
21.7 Resistors in Series and Parallel
21.8 Kirchhoff ’s Rules
21.9 RC Circuits
21.10 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a Conductor
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 6 CONCLUSION Determining the Number of Lightning Strikes
MAGNETISM
Context 7 Magnetism in Medicine BIO
22 Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
22.1 Historical Overview
22.2 The Magnetic Field
22.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
22.4 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
22.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
22.6 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
22.7 The Biot–Savart Law
22.8 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
22.9 Ampère’s Law
22.10 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
22.11 Magnetism in Matter
22.12 Context Connection: Remote Magnetic Navigation for Cardiac Catheter Ablation Procedures BIO
Summary, Questions & Problems
23 Faraday’s Law and Inductance
23.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
23.2 Motional emf
23.3 Lenz’s Law
23.4 Induced emfs and Electric Fields
23.5 Inductance
23.6 RL Circuits
23.7 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
23.8 Context Connection: The Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression BIO
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 7 CONCLUSION Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging BIO
OPTICS
Context 8 Lasers
24 Electromagnetic Waves
24.1 Displacement Current and the Generalized Form of Ampère’s Law
24.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries
24.3 Electromagnetic Waves
24.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
24.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
24.6 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
24.7 Polarization of Light Waves
24.8 Context Connection: The Special Properties of Laser Light
Summary, Questions & Problems
25 Reflection and Refraction of Light
25.1 The Nature of Light
25.2 The Ray Model in Geometric Optics
25.3 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection
25.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction
25.5 Dispersion and Prisms
25.6 Huygens’s Principle
25.7 Total Internal Reflection
25.8 Context Connection: Optical Fibers
Summary, Questions & Problems
26 Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses
26.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors
26.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
26.3 Images Formed by Refraction
26.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses
26.5 The Eye BIO
26.6 Context Connection: Some Medical Applications BIO
Summary, Questions & Problems
27 Wave Optics
27.1 Conditions for Interference
27.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
27.3 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
27.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection
27.5 Interference in Thin Films
27.6 Diffraction Patterns
27.7 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures
27.8 The Diffraction Grating
27.9 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
27.10 Context Connection: Holography
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 8 CONCLUSION Using Lasers to Record and Read Digital Information
MODERN PHYSICS
Context 9 The Cosmic Connection
28 Quantum Physics
28.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Theory
28.2 The Photoelectric Effect
28.3 The Compton Effect
28.4 Photons and Electromagnetic Waves
28.5 The Wave Properties of Particles
28.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle
28.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited
28.8 The Uncertainty Principle
28.9 An Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
28.10 A Particle in a Box
28.11 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions
28.12 The Schrödinger Equation
28.13 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier
28.14 Context Connection: The Cosmic Temperature
Summary, Questions & Problems
29 Atomic Physics
29.1 Early Structural Models of the Atom
29.2 The Hydrogen Atom Revisited
29.3 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen
29.4 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers
29.5 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
29.6 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray
29.7 Context Connection: Atoms in Space
Summary, Questions & Problems
30 Nuclear Physics
30.1 Some Properties of Nuclei
30.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
30.3 Radioactivity
30.4 The Radioactive Decay Processes
30.5 Nuclear Reactions
30.6 Context Connection: The Engine of the Stars
Summary, Questions & Problems
31 Particle Physics
31.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature
31.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles
31.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics
31.4 Classification of Particles
31.5 Conservation Laws
31.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness
31.7 Measuring Particle Lifetimes
31.8 Finding Patterns in the Particles
31.9 Quarks
31.10 Multicolored Quarks
31.11 The Standard Model
31.12 Context Connection: Investigating the Smallest System to Understand the Largest
Summary, Questions & Problems
Context 9 CONCLUSION Problems and Perspectives
APPENDICES
A: Tables
A.1 Conversion Factors
A.2 Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities
A.3 Chemical and Nuclear Information for Selected Isotopes
B: Mathematics Review
B.1 Scientific Notation
B.2 Algebra
B.3 Geometry
B.4 Trigonometry
B.5 Series Expansions
B.6 Differential Calculus
B.7 Integral Calculus
B.8 Propagation of Uncertainty
C: Periodic Table of the Elements
D: SI Units
D.1 SI Units
D.2 Some Derived SI Units
ANSWERS to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Problems
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ch02
ch03-04
ch05
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ch07
ch08
ch09
ch10
ch11
ch12
ch13-14
ch15
ch16-17
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INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V-W
X-Y-Z