โ Scribed by National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES)
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COVER AND COPYRIGHT......Page 1
PREFACE: ABOUT THE HANDBOOK......Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 4
1.1 Terms, Symbols, and Definitions......Page 11
1.1.1 Constants......Page 13
1.1.2 Dimensional Analysis......Page 15
1.2.1 Metric Prefixes......Page 18
1.2.2 Base and Derived SI Units......Page 19
1.2.3 Unit Conversion Tables (U.S. and Metric)......Page 20
1.3.1 Algebra......Page 40
1.3.2 Geometry and Trigonometry......Page 44
1.3.3 Calculus......Page 56
1.3.4 Statistics and Probability......Page 67
1.4.1 Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 79
1.4.2 Industrial Chemicals......Page 84
2 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES......Page 87
7.1 Symbols and Definitions......Page 0
2.2.1 Measures of Composition......Page 88
2.2.2 Density......Page 94
2.3.2 Mass Balances With Reaction......Page 95
2.4.1 Energy Balances without Reaction......Page 96
2.4.2 Energy Balances with Reaction......Page 97
3 THERMODYNAMICS......Page 102
3.2.1 State Functions......Page 105
3.2.2 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 115
3.3.2 Compression and Expansion......Page 119
3.4.1 Efficiency of Power Cycles......Page 122
3.4.2 Gas Power Cycles......Page 123
3.4.3 Vapor Power Cycles......Page 132
3.4.4 Refrigeration Cycles......Page 134
3.5.3 Concentration Dependence......Page 139
3.6.1 Definitions......Page 140
3.6.2 Pure Substances......Page 141
3.6.4 Nonideal Systems......Page 144
3.6.5 Phase Behavior......Page 146
3.6.6 Phase Equilibrium Applications......Page 151
3.7 Tables......Page 153
4 HEAT TRANSFER......Page 154
4.2.1 Heat Transfer Without Phase Change......Page 157
4.2.2 Heat Transfer With Phase Change......Page 170
4.3.1 Heat-Exchange Equipment Design......Page 175
4.3.2 Heat-Exchange Equipment Analysis......Page 189
4.4.1 Tables of Heat-Transfer Data......Page 195
4.4.2 Charts with Heat-Transfer Data......Page 206
4.4.3 Heat-Exchanger Design Information......Page 207
4.4.4 F-Factor Charts......Page 208
5.1 Symbols and Definitions......Page 215
5.2.1 Reaction Rate......Page 216
5.2.2 Rate Equations in Differential Form for Irreversible Reactions......Page 217
5.2.3 Yield and Selectivity......Page 218
5.3.1 Types of Reactors......Page 219
5.3.2 Integrated Reactor Equations for Irreversible Reactions......Page 221
5.3.3 Complex Reactions......Page 223
5.4.3 Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten......Page 224
5.5.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor......Page 226
6 FLUID MECHANICS......Page 227
6.2.1 Mechanical Energy Balance......Page 230
6.2.2 Viscosity and Fluid Properties......Page 232
6.2.3 Velocity......Page 234
6.2.4 Reynolds Number......Page 235
6.2.5 Friction......Page 240
6.2.6 Pressure Drop for Laminar Flow......Page 241
6.2.7 Pressure Drop for Turbulent Flow......Page 242
6.2.8 Flow Through an Orifice......Page 247
6.2.9 Particle Flow......Page 248
6.2.10 Open-Channel Flow......Page 252
6.2.11 Two-Phase Flow......Page 255
6.2.12 Compressible Flow......Page 257
6.3.1 Pumps......Page 261
6.3.3 Control Valves......Page 268
6.3.4 Jet Propulsion......Page 269
6.3.5 Air Lift......Page 270
6.3.6 Solids Handling......Page 273
6.3.7 Mixing......Page 277
6.4.1 Manometers and Barometers......Page 280
6.4.2 Flow Measurement Devices (Summary)......Page 282
6.4.3 Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi Meters......Page 291
6.5 Tables......Page 296
7 MASS TRANSFER......Page 304
7.2.1 Diffusion......Page 307
7.2.2 Mass-Transfer Coefficients......Page 310
7.2.3 Convective Mass Transfer......Page 311
7.2.4 Mass Transfer Between Phases for Dilute Systems ......Page 314
7.2.5 Mass Transfer Between Phases for Concentrated Systems......Page 315
7.2.6 Height of a Transfer Unit......Page 316
7.2.7 Mass Transfer with Reaction......Page 317
7.3.1 Batch Distillation......Page 320
7.3.2 Continuous Distillation......Page 321
7.3.3 Absorption and Stripping......Page 332
7.4.1 Trayed Columns......Page 334
7.4.2 Packed Columns......Page 346
7.5.1 Fundamentals of Liquid-Liquid Extraction......Page 364
7.5.2 Theoretical (Equilibrium) Stage Calculations......Page 366
7.5.3 Rate-Based Calculations With Mass-Transfer Units......Page 370
7.5.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Equipment......Page 373
7.6.2 Adsorption Operation......Page 383
7.6.3 Adsorption Regeneration......Page 385
7.7.1 Adiabatic Humidification and Cooling......Page 386
7.7.2 Drying of Solids......Page 390
7.8 Filtration......Page 396
7.9 Membrane Separation Processes......Page 397
7.10 Crystallization......Page 404
7.11 Leaching......Page 408
7.12.1 Particle Settling......Page 410
7.12.2 Cyclone Separators......Page 411
8.1 Terms and Definitions......Page 414
8.2.1 Hazard Identification......Page 419
8.2.2 Hazard Management......Page 437
8.2.3 Hazard Communication......Page 442
8.2.4 Personal Safety and Industrial Hygiene......Page 449
8.3.1 Overpressure Protection/Pressure Relief......Page 470
8.3.2 Other Protections......Page 481
8.4.1 Air Pollution......Page 482
8.4.2 Mitigation......Page 486
8.5.2 Process Diagrams......Page 487
8.5.3 Layout and Siting Considerations......Page 498
8.5.4 Economics......Page 516
8.6.1 Material Selection......Page 521
8.6.2 Corrosion......Page 525
8.7 Process Equipment Design......Page 546
8.8.1 Sensors......Page 548
8.8.2 Controller Actions......Page 549
8.8.3 Alarms......Page 552
8.8.4 Safety Instrumented Systems......Page 553
8.9.1 Operating Procedures......Page 557
8.9.2 Start-up and Shutdown......Page 559
8.10.1 Testing and Inspection......Page 560
8.10.2 Maintenance......Page 561
8.11 Process Improvement and Troubleshooting......Page 562
8.12 Flammability Data......Page 564
9.1 Symbols and Definitions......Page 567
9.2.1 U.S. Customary Units......Page 568
9.2.2 SI Units......Page 569
9.3.1 U.S. Customary Units......Page 570
9.3.2 SI Units......Page 571
9.3.3 Chemical Resistance of Plastics......Page 572
9.4.1 U.S. Customary Units......Page 573
9.4.2 SI Units......Page 575
9.5.1 U.S. Customary Units......Page 577
9.5.2 SI Units......Page 581
9.6.1 Dry Atmospheric Air Composition......Page 584
9.6.2 Dry Atmospheric Air Properties......Page 585
9.6.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties of Air (U.S. Customary Units)......Page 586
9.6.4 Temperature-Dependent Properties of Air (SI Units)......Page 587
9.6.5 Psychrometric Chart (U.S. Customary Units)......Page 588
9.6.6 Psychrometric Chart (SI Units)......Page 589
9.7.1 U.S. Customary Units......Page 590
9.7.2 SI Units......Page 592
9.7.3 Properties of Water......Page 594
9.8.1 Properties of Saturated Steam (U.S. Customary Units)......Page 595
9.8.2 Properties of Saturated Steam (SI Units)......Page 598
9.8.3 Superheated Steam (U.S. Customary Units)......Page 603
9.8.4 Superheated Steam (SI Units)......Page 608
9.9 Diagrams for Water and Steam......Page 612
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