Content: Front Cover
PRETREATMENT FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION
Pretreatment for Reverse Osmosis Desalination
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and Units
Brief Book Summary Introduction
1 --
Introduction to Saline Water Pretreatment
1.1 PURPOSE OF PRETREATMENT
1.2 MEMBRANE-FOULING MECHANISMS
1.2.1 External and Internal Fouling
1.2.2 Concentration Polarization
1.2.3 Membrane Fouling and Flux Redistribution
References
2 --
Membrane Foulants and Saline Water Pretreatment
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 PARTICULATE FOULANTS
2.2.1 Description
2.2.2 Measurement Parameters and Methods 2.2.2.1 Turbidity2.2.2.2 Silt Density Index (SDI)
2.2.2.3 Total Suspended Solids
2.2.2.4 Particle Distribution Profile
2.2.3 Threshold Levels of Particulate Foulants
2.3 COLLOIDAL FOULANTS
2.3.1 Description
2.3.1.1 Iron and Manganese
2.3.1.2 Silica
2.3.1.3 Polymers
2.3.1.4 Hydrocarbons
2.3.2 Measurement Parameters and Methods
2.3.3 Threshold Levels of Colloidal Foulants
2.4 MINERAL-SCALING FOULANTS
2.4.1 Description
2.4.2 Measurement Parameters and Methods
2.4.3 Threshold Levels of Scaling Foulants
2.5 NATURAL ORGANIC FOULANTS
2.5.1 Description 2.5.2 Measurement Parameters and Methods2.5.2.1 Total Organic Carbon
2.5.2.2 UV254 Absorbance
2.5.3 Threshold Levels of Natural Organic Foulants
2.6 MICROBIAL FOULANTS
2.6.1 Description
2.6.2 The Membrane Biofouling Process
2.6.3 Factors Impacting Biofouling Potential of Saline Source Waters
2.6.3.1 Concentration and Speciation of Microorganisms
2.6.3.2 Content of Easily Biodegradable Compounds in the Source Water
2.6.3.3 Concentration and Balance of Nutrients in Source Water
2.6.3.4 Source Water Temperature
2.6.4 Biofouling Measurement Parameters and Methods 2.6.4.1 Total Organic Carbon2.6.4.2 TOC:TN:TP Ratio
2.6.4.3 RO Train Differential Pressure Rate Increase
2.6.4.4 Chlorophyll a
2.6.4.5 Algal Count and Profile
2.6.5 Threshold Levels of Microbial Foulants
2.7 COMBINED EFFECT OF VARIOUS FOULANTS ON MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE
References
3 --
Diagnostics of Membrane Fouling and Scaling
3.1 PURPOSE OF MEMBRANE FOULING AND SCALING DIAGNOSTICS
3.2 TYPICAL MEMBRANE-FOULING PHENOMENA
3.3 TYPICAL DIAGNOSTICS PROCEDURES
3.3.1 Visual Inspection, Performance Data Review, and Vessel Permeate Sampling
3.3.2 Vessel Profiling and Probing 3.4 MEMBRANE AUTOPSY3.4.1 External Visual Inspection
3.4.2 Weight Measurement
3.4.3 Mechanical Integrity Tests
3.4.3.1 Bubble Test
3.4.3.2 Vacuum Test
3.4.4 Standard Membrane Performance Test
3.4.5 Membrane Cleaning Test
3.4.6 Internal Inspection and Testing
3.4.7 Dye Test
3.4.8 Cell Test
3.4.9 SEM
3.4.10 EDaX
3.4.11 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
3.4.12 Weight Loss on Ignition Test
3.4.13 Fujiwara Test
References
4 --
Saline Water Intakes and Pretreatment
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 SUBSURFACE INTAKES
4.2.1 Vertical Wells
4.2.2 Horizontal Ranney Wells