Numerical simulations and field tests were used to investigate the changes in ground stress and deformation of, and gas flow from, a protected coal seam under which an extra-thin coal seam was drilled. The geological conditions were: 0.5 meter mining height, 18.5 meter coal seam spacing and a hard limestone/fine sandstone inter-stratum. For these conditions we conclude: 1) the overlying coal-rock mass bends and sinks without the appearance of a caving zone, and 2) the protected coal seam is in the bending zone and undergoes expansion deformation in the stress-relaxed area. The deformation was 12 mm and the relative deformation was 0.15%. As mining proceeds, deformation in the protected layer begins as compression, then becomes a rapid expansion and, finally, reaches a stable value. A large number of bed separation crannies are created in the stress-relaxed area and the permeability coefficient of the coal seam was increased 403 fold. Grid penetration boreholes were evenly drilled toward the protected coal seam to affect pressure relief and gas drainage. This made the gas pressure decrease from 0.75 to 0.15 MPa, the gas content decrease from 13 to 4.66 m 3 /t and the gas drainage reach 64%. Keywords: extra-thin protective coal seam; drilling; pressure relief; expansion deformation; gas drainage 2 Basic theory of the numerical model [9] UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code) is a twodimensional, discrete element numerical calculation program appropriate for non-continuum modeling. The computer calculations include two aspects: 1) allowing finite displacements and rotations of discrete bodies, including complete detachment; and, 2) rec-Mining Science and Technology 19 (2009) 0724-0729