Practical handbook on image processing for scientific and technical applications

✍ Scribed by Bernd Jahne

• Publisher: CRC
• Year: 2004
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 571
• Edition: 2ed.
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The second edition of a bestseller, this book is a practical guide to image processing for the natural and technical sciences community. Students, practitioners, and researchers can gain immediate access to a sound basic knowledge of image processing by referencing general principles in the natural sciences. The book describes carefully selected algorithms in detail and demonstrates real-world applications that show the reader how to solve complex image processing problems. Hundreds of photos, figures, diagrams, and tables illustrate the text, and numerous well-organized tips save countless hours in the practical handling of image acquisition and processing.

✦ Table of Contents

Practical Handbook on IMAGE PROCESSING for SCIENTIFIC and TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS, SECOND EDITION......Page 2
What This Handbook Is About......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Appendix A: Notation......Page 519
Appendix B: Mathematical Toolbox......Page 524
Appendix C: Glossary......Page 532
Bibliography......Page 564
Appendix D: Color Plates......Page 571
1.1 Highlights......Page 14
1.2 From Drawings to Electronic Images......Page 15
1.3 Geometric Measurements: Gauging and Counting......Page 16
1.3.2 Gas Bubble Size Distributions......Page 17
1.3.3 In Situ Microscopy of Cells in Bioreactors......Page 19
1.4.1 Fluorescence Measurements of Concentration Fields......Page 21
1.4.2b Uncontrolled Evaporation at Tumor Surfaces......Page 24
1.4.3 Imaging of Short Ocean Wind Waves......Page 25
1.4.4 SAR Imaging for Planetology and Earth Sciences......Page 28
1.4.6 Spectroscopic Imaging for Atmospheric Sciences......Page 32
1.5.1 Optical Surface Profiling......Page 34
1.5.2 3-D Retina Imaging......Page 37
1.5.4 X-Ray and Magnetic Resonance 3-D Imaging......Page 38
1.6.1 Particle Tracking Velocimetry......Page 40
1.6.2 3-D Flow Tomography......Page 41
1.6.3 Motor Proteins......Page 43
Tools......Page 45
2.2.1 Goals for Applications of Image Processing......Page 46
2.2.2 Measuring versus Recognizing......Page 48
2.2.3 Signals and Uncertainty......Page 50
2.2.4 Representation and Algorithms......Page 51
2.2.5 Models......Page 53
2.2.6 Hierarchy of Image Processing Tasks......Page 54
2.2.6c From Images to Features (Part III)......Page 56
2.3.2 Camera and Frame Grabber......Page 57
2.3.3a Image Display......Page 58
2.3.3b Memory......Page 59
2.3.3d Computing Power......Page 60
2.3.4 Software and Algorithms......Page 62
Part I: From Objects to Images......Page 64
3.1 Highlights......Page 65
3.2 Task......Page 66
3.3.1 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 68
3.3.1c Polarization......Page 71
3.3.1f Particulate Nature of Electromagnetic Waves: Photons......Page 72
3.3.2 Particle Radiation......Page 73
3.3.4 Radiometric Terms......Page 74
3.3.4b Areal Densities of Radiant Quantities......Page 75
3.3.4d Radiance......Page 76
3.3.5 Photometric Terms......Page 77
3.3.5a Spectral Response of the Human Eye......Page 78
3.3.5b Photometric Quantities......Page 79
3.3.6 Surface-Related Interactions of Radiation with Matter......Page 80
3.3.6a Thermal Emission......Page 81
3.3.6c Reflection and Transmission at Specular Surfaces......Page 83
3.3.6d Reflection at Rough Surfaces......Page 85
3.3.7a Absorptance and Transmittance......Page 86
3.3.7b Scattering......Page 87
3.3.7c Optical Activity......Page 89
3.3.7d Luminescence......Page 90
3.3.7e Doppler Effect......Page 91
3.4.2 Types of Illumination......Page 92
3.4.3 Illumination Techniques for Geometric Measurements......Page 94
3.4.4 Illumination Techniques for Depth Measurements......Page 96
3.4.4b Pulsed Illumination......Page 97
3.4.5 Illumination Techniques for Surface Slope Measurements......Page 98
3.4.5a Telecentric Illumination System......Page 99
3.4.5b Shape From Shading for Lambertian Surfaces......Page 100
3.4.5c Shape From Shading for Specular Surfaces: Stilwell Photography......Page 102
3.4.5d Shape From Refraction for Specular Surfaces......Page 103
3.4.5e Ratio Imaging for Shape from Shading Techniques......Page 104
3.4.6 Color and Multi-Spectral Imaging......Page 106
3.4.6c Model-Guided Spectral Sampling......Page 107
3.4.6d Measurement of Chemical Species by Imaging Spectroscopy......Page 109
3.4.7b Primary Colors......Page 110
3.4.7c Chromaticity......Page 111
3.4.8 Thermal Imaging......Page 113
3.4.9b Measurement of the pH Value......Page 116
Wavelength ranges for colors; some important emission lines of elements in the gaseous state are also included......Page 118
Radar frequency bands......Page 119
3.5.2 Radiation Sources......Page 120
Typical energy conversion in different light sources 3.8......Page 121
Relative efficacy V´(lamda) for scotopic human vision (Fig. 3.6) 3.12......Page 123
3.5.4 Selected Optical Properties......Page 124
Transmissivity of water from the ultraviolet to infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum......Page 125
Applications......Page 126
Lamps and light sources......Page 127
4.1 Highlights......Page 128
4.2 Task......Page 129
4.3.1a World and Camera Coordinates......Page 131
4.3.1c Homogeneous Coordinates......Page 133
4.3.2 Geometrical Optics......Page 134
4.3.2a Pinhole Camera Model: Perspective Projection......Page 135
4.3.2b Pixel Coordinates and Intrinsic Camera Parameters......Page 137
4.3.2c Perfect Optical Systems......Page 138
4.3.2d Depth of Focus and Depth of Field......Page 140
4.3.2e Telecentric and Hypercentric Imaging......Page 141
4.3.2f Lens Aberrations......Page 143
4.3.2g Geometric Distortions......Page 144
4.3.3a Diffraction-limited Optics......Page 146
4.3.3b Gaussian Beams......Page 148
4.3.4 Radiometry of Imaging......Page 149
4.3.4a Radiance Invariance......Page 150
4.3.5a Point Spread Function......Page 152
4.3.5c Interpretation of the 3-D OTF......Page 154
4.3.5e Modulation Transfer Function......Page 155
4.4.1 Geometry of Imaging......Page 156
4.4.1a Depth of Field......Page 157
4.4.1b Radiometry and Photometry of Imaging......Page 160
4.4.1c Telecentric Imaging for Optical Gauging......Page 161
4.4.2b Stereo Setup with Verging Camera Axes......Page 163
4.4.2c Case Study Stereo Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves......Page 164
4.4.3 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy......Page 168
4.4.4a Principle......Page 170
4.4.4b Homogeneity of Tomographic Projection......Page 171
Miniature CCD lenses......Page 172
Macro lenses......Page 174
Special image formation techniques and applications......Page 175
Manufacturers and distributors of optical components......Page 176
5.2 Task......Page 177
5.3.1 Overview......Page 178
5.3.2b Quantum Efficiency......Page 179
5.3.2c Signal Irradiance Relation......Page 180
5.3.2g Photon Noise Limited Performance......Page 181
5.3.2h Noise Model for Image Sensors......Page 182
5.3.2k Nonuniform Responsivity......Page 183
5.3.4 Thermal Detectors......Page 184
5.3.5a The Charge Coupled Device......Page 185
5.3.5c Detectable Wavelength Range......Page 186
5.3.5d Quantum Efficiency......Page 187
5.3.6 Television Video Standards......Page 188
5.3.7b Interline Transfer......Page 189
5.3.7e Progressive Scanning......Page 191
5.4.1a Responsivity and Linearity......Page 193
5.4.1b Noise and Signal-to-Noise Relation......Page 194
5.4.1c Spatial Inhomogeneities......Page 195
5.4.2a Demands from Applications......Page 197
5.4.2b Sensitivity versus Quality......Page 198
5.4.3 Spectral Sensitivity......Page 199
5.4.4a Offsets and Nonlinearities by Misadjustments......Page 200
5.4.4b Blooming and Smear......Page 201
5.4.4d Motion Artifacts by Interlaced Exposure......Page 202
5.4.4f Color Carrier Signal in Gray Scale Images......Page 204
Nominal sizes of imaging sensors......Page 205
Timing of analog video signals......Page 207
Video timing diagram for the CCIR norm......Page 208
Color bar......Page 209
Camera link cameras......Page 212
Manufacturers of imaging sensors and cameras......Page 213
References to special topics......Page 214
6.2 Task......Page 215
6.3.1a Pixel or Pel......Page 216
6.3.1b Neighborhood Relations......Page 217
6.3.1c Discrete Geometry......Page 218
6.3.1d Moiré-Effect and Aliasing......Page 219
6.3.2a Image Formation......Page 221
6.3.2c Sampling......Page 222
6.3.2d Limitation to a Finite Window......Page 224
6.3.3 Sampling Theorem in xt Space......Page 225
6.3.4 Reconstruction from Sampling......Page 226
6.3.5 Sampling and Subpixel Accurate Gauging......Page 228
6.3.6a Uniform Quantization......Page 229
6.3.6c Accuracy and Precision of Gray Value Measurements......Page 230
6.3.6e Human Perception of Luminance Levels......Page 232
6.4.1a Test Pattern for OTF Measurements......Page 234
6.4.1c Modulation Transfer Function and Depth of Field......Page 235
6.4.2 Quality Control of Quantization......Page 236
6.5.1b Modular Image Processing Systems with a Pipelined Video Bus......Page 238
6.5.1d Frame Grabbers with Direct Image Transfer to PC RAM......Page 239
6.5.2a Analog Video Signal Processing......Page 240
6.5.2c Digitization......Page 241
6.5.3 Digital Video Input......Page 242
6.5.3a Pros and Cons of Digital Video Input......Page 243
6.5.4 Real-Time Image Processing......Page 244
List of some manufacturers of image acquisition hardware......Page 246
Part II: Handling and Enhancing Images......Page 247
7.1 Highlights......Page 248
7.2 Task......Page 249
7.3.1b Mean, Variance, and Moments......Page 250
7.3.1d Binomial Distribution......Page 251
7.3.1e Poisson Distribution......Page 252
7.3.2 Functions of Random Variables......Page 253
7.3.3 Multiple Random Variables and Error Propagation......Page 254
7.3.3c Functions of Multiple Random Variables......Page 255
7.3.4a Look-Up Tables......Page 258
7.3.5 Inhomogeneous Point Operations......Page 259
7.3.6a Linear Multicomponent Point Operations......Page 260
7.3.6c Dyadic Point Operations......Page 261
7.4.1a Evaluation of Homogeneous Illuminance......Page 262
7.4.1b Detection of Underflow and Overflow......Page 263
7.4.1c Interactive Gray Scale Manipulation......Page 264
7.4.2 Correction of Inhomogeneous Illumination......Page 266
7.4.3 Radiometric Calibration......Page 269
7.4.4 Noise Variance Equalization......Page 270
7.4.5 Histogram Equalization......Page 271
7.4.6 Noise Reduction by Image Averaging......Page 272
7.4.7 Windowing......Page 273
Radiometric calibration of sensors and cameras......Page 274
8.1 Highlights......Page 275
8.2 Task......Page 276
8.3.1a Forward and Inverse Mapping......Page 277
8.3.1b Affine Transform......Page 278
8.3.1c Perspective Transform......Page 279
8.3.2 Interpolation......Page 280
8.3.2a Interpolation in Fourier space......Page 281
8.3.2b Polynomial Interpolation......Page 282
8.3.2c Spline-Based Interpolation......Page 286
8.3.2d Least Squares Optimal Interpolation......Page 288
8.4 Procedures......Page 291
8.4.1 Scaling......Page 292
8.4.3 Rotation......Page 294
8.4.4 Affine and Perspective Transforms......Page 296
8.5 Advanced Reference Material......Page 297
9.1 Highlights......Page 298
9.3.1 Types of Image Distortions......Page 299
9.3.2 Defocusing and Lens Aberrations......Page 301
9.3.4 Inverse Filtering......Page 302
9.3.5 Model-based Restoration......Page 304
9.3.6 Radon Transform and Fourier Slice Theorem......Page 305
9.4.1 Reconstruction of Depth Maps from Focus Series......Page 307
9.4.2 3-D Reconstruction by Inverse Filtering......Page 309
9.4.3a Principle......Page 313
9.4.3b Continuous Case......Page 314
9.4.3c Discrete Case......Page 315
9.5 Advanced Reference Material......Page 316
Part III: From Images to Features......Page 317
10.1 Highlights......Page 318
10.2 Task......Page 319
10.3.1 Masks......Page 320
10.3.3 Convolution......Page 322
10.3.4 Point Spread Function......Page 324
10.3.5 Transfer Function......Page 326
10.3.6a Linearity......Page 328
10.3.6b Shift Invariance......Page 329
10.3.6e Separability......Page 330
10.3.6g Eigenfunctions......Page 331
10.3.7 Error Propagation with Filtering......Page 332
10.3.8a Definition......Page 334
10.3.8b Recursive Filters and Linear Systems......Page 335
10.3.8c Resistor-Capacitor Circuit; Relaxation Process......Page 336
10.3.8d Second-Order Recursive Filter; Damped Harmonic Oscillator......Page 338
10.3.8e Linear System Theory and Modeling......Page 339
10.3.10a Limitations of Linear Filters......Page 340
10.3.10c Pixels With Certainty Measures......Page 341
10.3.10e Nonlinear Filters by Combining Point Operations and Linear Filter Operations......Page 342
10.4.1b Filter Design Criteria for Image Processing......Page 343
10.4.2 Filter Design by Windowing......Page 344
10.4.3 Recursive Filters for Image Processing......Page 347
10.4.4 Design by Filter Cascading......Page 348
10.4.5a In Place Nonrecursive Neighborhood Operations with 2-D masks......Page 350
10.4.5b Separable Neighborhood Operations......Page 352
10.4.6 Filtering at Image Borders......Page 353
10.4.7a Concentric Ring Test Pattern......Page 355
10.5 Advanced Reference Material......Page 356
11.1 Highlights......Page 358
11.2 Task......Page 359
11.3.1b Preservation of Mean Value......Page 361
11.3.1e Symmetric Masks......Page 362
11.3.1g Standard Deviation......Page 363
11.3.1h Noise Suppression......Page 364
11.3.3 Controlled Averaging......Page 365
11.3.3a Averaging as Diffusion......Page 366
11.3.3c Anisotropic Diffusion......Page 367
11.3.4 Steerable Averaging......Page 368
11.3.5 Averaging in Multichannel Images......Page 369
11.4.1a Summary of Properties......Page 371
11.4.1c 2-D Box Filters RRyRRx......Page 374
11.4.1e Cascaded Box Filters......Page 376
11.4.2a Summary of Properties......Page 377
11.4.2b 1-D Binomial Filters BR......Page 379
11.4.3a Principle......Page 380
11.4.3b Efficient Implementation......Page 382
11.4.5 Recursive Smoothing......Page 383
11.4.6 Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Diffusion......Page 384
11.4.7 Steerable Directional Smoothing......Page 387
Equations for symmetric masks with even-numbered size in 2-D and 3-D......Page 390
Transfer functions for symmetric 3-D masks with even and odd number of coefficients......Page 391
Reference to advanced topics......Page 392
12.2 Task......Page 393
12.3.1 Edge Models......Page 394
12.3.2 Principal Methods for Edge Detection......Page 396
12.3.2a The Gradient Vector......Page 397
12.3.2b The Laplacian Operator......Page 398
12.3.3a Preservation of Object Position......Page 399
12.3.3d Noise sensitivity......Page 400
12.3.4 Edges in Multichannel Images......Page 401
12.3.5 Regularized Edge Detection......Page 403
12.4.1a First-Order Discrete Differences......Page 405
12.4.1b Higher-order approximations by Taylor expansion......Page 406
12.4.1c Differentiation of a Spline Representation......Page 408
12.4.1d Least-Squares First-Order Derivation......Page 410
12.4.2 Second-Order Derivation......Page 412
12.4.3a Classical Edge Detectors......Page 415
12.4.3b Derivatives of Gaussian......Page 416
12.4.4 LoG and DoG Filter......Page 417
12.4.5 Optimized Regularized Edge Detectors......Page 418
Reference to advanced topics......Page 419
13.1 Highlights......Page 420
13.2 Task......Page 421
13.3.1a Definition......Page 422
13.3.1b Representation in Fourier Space......Page 423
13.3.1d Vector Representation of Local Orientation......Page 424
13.3.2c Image Sequence......Page 426
13.3.3 First-Order Tensor Representation......Page 429
13.3.3b Three-Dimensional Eigenvalue Analysis......Page 430
13.4.1b Polar Separable Quadrature Filters......Page 431
13.4.1d Evaluation......Page 433
13.4.2b Computation of the Orientation Vector......Page 434
13.4.2d Color Coding of the Structure Tensor......Page 435
13.4.2e Theoretical Performance and Systematic Errors......Page 436
13.4.2f Accurate Implementation......Page 437
13.4.2h Statistical Errors......Page 438
13.4.3 Motion Analysis in Space-Time Images......Page 440
References for orientation and motion analysis......Page 443
14.1 Highlights......Page 444
14.2 Task......Page 445
14.3.1 What Is Texture?......Page 447
14.3.2 The Wave Number Domain......Page 451
14.3.3 Hierarchy of Scales......Page 452
14.3.4a Principle......Page 455
14.3.4b Fast and Accurate Filters......Page 457
14.3.5 Laplacian Pyramid......Page 458
14.3.6 Directio-Pyramidal Decomposition......Page 460
14.3.7a Local Wave Number......Page 461
14.3.7b Hilbert Transform and Analytic Signal......Page 463
14.3.7c Riesz Transform and Monogenic Signal......Page 465
14.4.1 Texture Energy......Page 466
14.4.2a Quadrature Pair Filters......Page 468
14.4.2b Hilbert Filters......Page 469
14.4.3a Principle......Page 470
14.4.3b Phase Gradient......Page 471
References to advanced topics......Page 473
Part IV: From Features to Objects......Page 474
15.2 Task......Page 475
15.3.1 Pixel-Based Segmentation......Page 476
15.3.2 Region-Based Segmentation......Page 477
15.3.4a Introduction......Page 478
15.3.4b Model Spaces......Page 479
15.4.1 Global Thresholding......Page 480
15.4.2 Pyramid Linking......Page 481
15.4.3 Orientation-Based Fast Hough Transformation......Page 484
References to advanced topics......Page 485
16.2 Task......Page 486
16.3.1a Neighborhood Operations on Binary Images......Page 487
16.3.1b General Properties of Morphological Operations......Page 489
16.3.1c Hit-Miss Operator......Page 491
16.3.2 Run-Length Code......Page 492
16.3.3 Chain Code......Page 493
16.3.4 Fourier Descriptors......Page 495
16.3.5a Definitions......Page 498
16.3.5c Second-Order Moments; the Inertia Tensor......Page 499
16.4.1a Removal of Small Objects......Page 500
16.4.1b Filling Holes and Cracks......Page 501
16.4.2 Extraction of Object Boundaries......Page 502
16.4.3a Area......Page 503
16.4.3b Perimeter......Page 504
16.4.4 Scale and Rotation Invariant Shape Parameters......Page 505
References to advanced topics......Page 506
17.2 Task......Page 507
17.3.1 Statistical Decision Theory......Page 508
17.3.2 Model Optimization and Validation......Page 509
17.4.1 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)......Page 511
17.4.2 Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA)......Page 514
17.4.3 k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN)......Page 515
17.4.4 Cross-Validation......Page 516
References to advanced topics......Page 517
Part V: Appendices......Page 518
A.2 Image Operators......Page 520
A.3 Alphabetical List of Symbols and Constants......Page 521
B.2 Least-Squares Solution of Linear Equation Systems......Page 525
B.3.1 Definition......Page 527
B.3.2 Properties of the Fourier Transform......Page 528
B.4.1 Definition......Page 529
B.4.3 Important Transform Pairs......Page 530
B.5 Suggested Further Readings......Page 531