Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Diseases of the Vulva
1. What Are the Clinical and Histological Features of the Common Viral Infections in the Vulva?
2. How to Correctly Interpret Lichenoid Vulvar Dermatoses?
3. How to Differentiate Deep-Seated Inflammatory Lesions in the Vulva, Such as Hidradenitis Supppurativa, Crohn’s Disease, and Bartholin Cyst with an Abscess?
4. What Are the Common Lesions in the Bartholin Glands?
5. What Are the Common Skin Adnexa and Mammary-Like Gland Tumors in the Vulva (Location and Histology)?
6. What Are the Clinical and Pathological Features of Condyloma Acuminatum?
7. What Is the Difference Between Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (VIN 1) and Condyloma?
8. What Is the Difference in HPV Distribution in VIN1, CIN1, and VaIN1?
9. What Are the Etiology, Risk Factors, Clinical and Histological Features of HPV-Associated Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion?
10. What Are Bowenoid Papulosis and Bowen Disease?
11. What Are the Etiology, Risk Factors, Clinical and Histological Features of HPV-Independent Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (dVIN)?
12. What Is the Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis and Classification of VIN and Vulvar SCC?
13. What Is the Sensitivity and Specificity of the HPV In Situ Hybridization Test? When Should We Apply the HPV In Situ Hybridization Test in the Practice?
14. What Are the Progression and Prognosis of HPV-Associated and HPV-Independent VIN/SCC?
15. What Are the Diagnostic Features for Stromal Invasion and Patterns of Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
16. How to Measure the Depth of Invasion and Tumor Thickness in an Invasive SCC and their Value in Staging and Treatment?
17. What Are the Clinical and Characteristic Histological Features of Extramammary Paget Disease?
18. How Does Immunohistochemical Study Help Differentiating Primary Paget Disease from Secondary Paget Disease and Other Vulvar Neoplasia?
19. What Are the Histological Features of the Vulvar Fibroepithelial Polyp and Fibroepithelial Polyp with Stromal Atypia?
20. What Are the Features of Deep (Aggressive) Angiomyxoma, and What Are Differential Diagnoses?
21. What Are the Histological Features and Immunohistochemical Profiles of Cellular Angiofibroma?
22. What Are the Histopathological Features and Differential Diagnoses of Angiomyofibroblastoma?
23. What Do We Need to Know About Smooth Muscle Tumors in the Vulva?
24. What Are the Clinical and Histological Features of Benign Melanocytic Lesions in the Vulva?
25. What Are the Clinical and Histopathological Features of Vulvar Malignant Melanoma?
References
2: Diseases of the Vagina
1. What Are the Most Common Bacterial Pathogens That Cause Vaginitis?
2. What Are the Most Common Fungal Pathogens That Cause Vaginitis?
3. What Are the Viral Pathogens That Can Cause or Are Associated with Vaginitis?
4. What Are the Protozoan and Parasitic Pathogens That Can Cause Vaginitis?
5. What Are the Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases That Can Affect the Vagina?
6. What Are Some of the Pseudoneoplastic Lesions of the Vagina?
7. What Are the Most Common Congenital Anomalies That Affect the Vagina?
8. What Are the Most Common Vaginal Cysts and What Are the Features to Distinguish Each One?
9. What Are the Benign Neoplasms That Arise from the Vagina?
10. What Are the Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Features of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and How Is It Graded?
11. What Are the Morphologic Variants of Primary Vaginal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
12. What Are the Determinants of Treatment and Prognosis of Primary Invasive Vaginal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
13. What Are the Features of Primary Vaginal Adenocarcinomas?
14. What Are Common Sarcomas That Arise from the Vagina?
15. What Are the Features of Vaginal Nevi and Melanoma?
16. What Are the Features of the More Uncommon Neoplasms That Can Arise in the Vagina?
17. What Are the Most Common Metastatic Neoplasms That Can Involve the Vagina?
References
3: HPV-Associated Cervical Neoplasia
1. What Are the Types of Epithelial Metaplasia Which Occur in the Cervix and What Is Their Significance?
2. What Changes Can Be Seen in the Cervix in the Setting of Pregnancy or Exogenous Progesterone?
3. What Types of Reactive and/or Inflammatory Conditions May Be Seen in the Cervix and What Is Their Significance?
4. What Are the Types and Features of Benign Glandular Hyperplasia in the Cervix?
5. What Are the Common Types of Cysts Which May Be Seen in the Cervix?
6. What Are the Features of Cervical Pseudotumors?
7. What Is the Current Preferred Terminology for Cervical Squamous Lesions Associated with HPV?
8. What Are the Clinicopathologic Features of LSIL?
9. What Are the Clinicopathologic Features of HSIL?
10. What Biomarkers Are of Use in the Diagnosis of Cervical HPV-Related Lesions?
11. What Are the Features of HPV-Associated Glandular Intraepithelial Lesions?
12. What Are the Clinicopathologic Features of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
13. What Are the Different Morphologic Subtypes of Invasive Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
14. What Are the Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Endocervical Adenocarcinomas Associated with HPV?
15. What Are the Histologic Features of the Different Morphologic Subtypes of HPV-Associated Endocervical Adenocarcinoma?
16. What Is the Clinicopathologic Interplay Between Cytologic and Histologic Diagnosis for Cervical HPV-Related Lesions?
17. What Other Tumor Types Are Associated with HPV Infections?
References
4: Non-HPV-Associated Cervical Neoplasia
1. What Is the Estimated Frequency of Non-HPV-Related Carcinoma in the Cervix?
2. Is There Any Non-HPV-Related Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
3. What Are the Diagnostic Features of Cervical Clear Cell Carcinoma?
4. How Do You Differentiate Mesonephric Hyperplasia from Mesonephric Carcinoma? IHC Patterns of Mesonephric Carcinoma. Is There Any Carcinosarcoma of Mesonephric Origin?
5. How to Diagnose Microglandular Hyperplasia and Differentiate from Microglandular Endometrioid Carcinoma in Curettage Specimens?
6. What Are Some of the Characteristics of Primary and Metastatic Melanomas in the Uterine Cervix?
7. What Types of Metastatic Malignancies Can Occur in the Cervix?
8. What Are the Features of Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor (PEComa) of Cervix?
9. How to Differentiate Mullerian/Papillary Adenofibroma from Adenosarcoma of Cervix?
10. How to Differentiate Papillary Immature Squamotransitional Cell Metaplasia of Cervix from High-Grade Dysplasia in Cervix?
11. What Pseudoneoplastic Lesion of Cervix That Can Pose a Diagnostic Dilemma?
12. What Uncommon Lesions of Cervix You Can Encounter in Gender Dysphoria Patients?
13. What Are the Pitfalls in Diagnosing Cervical Lymphomas or Small Blue Cell Tumors on Pap or in Surgical Specimen?
14. What Types of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia Can Be Found in the Cervix?
15. How to Diagnose Endocervicosis?
16. What Are the Characteristics of Gastric-Type Endocervical Adenocarcinoma?
References
5: Uterine Epithelial Neoplasia
1. How to Separate Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia from Non-atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia?
2. How to Interpret Endometrial Hyperplasia After Hormonal Treatment?
3. How to Evaluate and Report Common Metaplastic Processes of Endometrium, Particularly Arias Stella Reaction, Mucinous and Squamous Metaplasia/Changes?
4. How to Separate Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia from Grade 1 Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma?
5. How to Grade an Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma and How to Assess Myometrial and Cervical Invasion?
6. How to Separate True Lymphovascular Invasion from Pseudovascular Invasion?
7. What Are the Diagnostic Features of Variants of Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma Including Villoglandular Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with Small Nonvillous Papillae, Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with Cords and Hyalinized Stro
8. How to Separate an Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma from a Synchronous Endocervical Adenocarcinoma?
9. What Are the Diagnostic Criteria for Undifferentiated and Dedifferentiated Endometrial Carcinoma?
10. What Are the Diagnostic Features of Minimal Uterine Serous Carcinomas (Serous Endometrial Intraepithelial Carcinoma and Superficial Invasive Serous Carcinoma)?
11. How to Separate Primary Endometrial Serous Carcinoma from Tubal or Ovarian Serous Carcinoma?
12. How to Interpret p53 Immunostaining in Confirming Serous Carcinoma?
13. Differential Diagnoses Among Endometrial Serous, Clear Cell, and Poorly Differentiated Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas (Table 5.1)
14. What Are the Diagnostic Criteria for Mixed Endometrial Carcinoma?
15. What Are the Diagnostic Features of Primary Endometrial Gastric-Type Mucinous Carcinoma?
16. What Are the Diagnostic Features of High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Endometrium?
17. How to Interpret HER2/neu Immunostain of Endometrial Serous Carcinoma for Herceptin Treatment Option?
18. What Are the Common Features of Lynch Syndrome Endometrial Cancers?
19. How to Interpret MMR Immunohistochemistry for Lynch Syndrome Screening?
20. What Is the Currently Molecular Classification Scheme for Endometrial Carcinomas and Its Possible Clinical Application?
References
6: Uterine Mesenchymal Neoplasia
1. What Should We Know About the Usual Type of Leiomyoma?
2. What Are the Histologic Variants of Leiomyoma?
3. What are Common Histologic Changes in Treated Leiomyoma?
4. What Are Fumarate Hydratase-Deficient Leiomyoma and Hereditary Leiomyomatosis?
5. What Is Leiomyoma with Bizarre Nuclei?
6. How to Differentiate LM-BN from FH-LM?
7. How to Evaluate Necrosis in Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumors?
8. How to Evaluate Mitotic Activity in Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumor?
9. Why Are the Histologic Variants of Leiomyosarcoma Matter and What Are the Major Histologic Types?
10. What Immunohistochemical Markers Are Useful in Evaluation of Leiomyosarcoma and Its Mimics?
11. How to Differentiate LM-BN from LMS?
12. What Are the Diagnostic Features of IMFT?
13. What Are the Uterine Tumors with Sex-Cord-Like Elements?
14. What Are the Differences Between Stromal Nodule and LG-ESS?
15. How to Evaluate HG-ESS: One or Multiple Disease(s)?
16. What Is Mullerian Adenosarcoma and What Are the Different Types?
17. How to Differentiate Low-Grade Mullerian Adenosarcoma from Its Benign Mimics?
18. What Are the Diagnostic Features of PECOMA and Its Mimics?
19. How to Differentiate Endometriosis and Adenomyosis from Adenomyoma and Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma?
20. What Are the Common Histologic Variants of Endometrial Polyps?
References
7: Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases
1. What Are the Characteristic Morphologic Features of Complete Hydatidiform Mole?
2. Can Complete Mole Be Diagnosed in the Absence of Significant Villous Hydrops?
3. What Are the Characteristic Morphologic Features of Partial Hydatidiform Mole?
4. How Can p57 Immunohistochemistry Assist in the Differential Diagnosis of Hydatidiform Moles?
5. What Is the Genetic Basis of Molecular Genotyping and When Should It Be Performed?
6. What Is the Recommended Diagnostic Algorithm for Hydatidiform Moles?
7. What Is the Risk of Persistent Gestational Trophoblastic Disease After Molar Pregnancy?
8. What Is the Significance of Trophoblast Atypia Associated with Molar Gestation?
9. Can Gestational Choriocarcinoma Be Diagnosed in the Presence of Chorionic Villi?
10. Why Is It Important to Differentiate Between Gestational and Nongestational Choriocarcinoma and What Ancillary Studies Are Useful in the Diagnostic Workup?
11. What Are the Morphologic Characteristics of Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT)?
12. Can Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT) Be Diagnosed in the Presence of Chorionic Villi?
13. What Are the Morphologic Characteristics of Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor (ETT)?
14. How Can Immunohistochemistry Assist in the Differential Diagnosis of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia?
15. What Is the Recommended Immunohistochemical Panel for Differentiating Between Squamous Cell Carcinoma and ETT?
16. What Are the Main Clinical, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Differences Between Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors?
17. What Are the Characteristics and Significance of Mixed Trophoblastic Tumors?
18. Can Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors Be Diagnosed in Postmenopausal Women?
19. What Are the Distinguishing Features Between Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor (ETT) and Placental Site Nodule (PSN)?
20. What Are the Distinguishing Features Between Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT) and Exaggerated Placental Site (EPS)?
References
8: Diseases of the Fallopian Tube
1. What Are the Typical Risk Factors for Infertility and/or Ectopic Pregnancy?
2. Is Vasculitis in the Fallopian Tube a Systemic Disease?
3. What Are Morphologic Features of Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia of Fallopian Tubes? What Is Its Differential Diagnosis?
4. What Kind of Benign Entities/Structures Can Be Encountered in the Paratubal Region?
5. Does Atypical Villous Morphology in an Ectopic Pregnancy of Fallopian Tube Represent Hydatidiform Mole?
6. How Do We Manage an Assumed Fallopian Tube “Ectopic Pregnancy” Case with Trophoblastic Proliferation Without Chorionic Villi?
7. Can Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms and Their Precursor Lesions Such as Placental Site Nodules Occur in the Fallopian Tube?
8. What Is the Papillary Tubal Hyperplasia (PTH)? How Do You Diagnose This Lesion? What Is Its Histopathological Significance?
9. What Is Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma (STIC)? What Are the Diagnostic Criteria?
10. How Does the Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma (STIC) Take Center Stage? Are All Pelvic Serous Carcinomas of Tubal Origin?
11. What Is the SEE-FIM Protocol? Should the Entire Fallopian Tubes Be Submitted?
12. What Are p53 Signature, Secretory Cell Outgrowth (SCOUT), and Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Lesions (STIL)?
13. What Is Metaplastic Papillary Tumor? Is It a Metaplastic or Neoplastic Process? What Is the Differential Diagnosis?
14. What Type of Mesothelial Lesions Can Be Encountered in the Paratubal Tissue?
15. Is PAX-8 a Good Marker for the Differential Diagnosis Between Serous Lesions and Mesothelial Lesions?
16. What Is “Female Adnexal Tumor of Probable Wolffian Origin (FATWO)”? What Are Its Clinicopathologic and Morphologic Features?
17. What Is FATWO’s Differential Diagnosis?
18. What Is the Most Common Type of Fallopian Tube Carcinoma?
19. What Is the Second Most Common Type of Fallopian Tube Carcinoma?
20. What Types of Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor and Mixed Malignant Epithelial-Mesenchymal Neoplasms Can Be Encountered in the Fallopian Tube and Paratubal Region?
21. What Types of Metastatic Carcinomas Can Be Encountered in the Fallopian Tube?
References
9: Ovarian Epithelial Neoplasia
1. What Types of Inclusion Cysts Are Found in the Ovary?
2. How Are Cystic Follicle, Follicular Cyst, Cystic Corpus Luteum and Corpus Luteum Cyst Distinguished?
3. What Are the Histologic Features of Ovarian Endometriosis, Endometriotic Cysts, and Atypical Endometriosis?
4. How Is Serous Cystadenoma Distinguished from Serous Borderline Tumor?
5. What Are the Significant Prognostic Features of Serous Borderline Tumor?
6. Is Serous Carcinoma Graded?
7. How Is Mucinous Cystadenoma Distinguished from Mucinous Borderline Tumor?
8. What Are the Prognostic Implications of Noninvasive and Invasive Mucinous Carcinoma?
9. What Is the Difference Between Microinvasion and Microinvasive Carcinoma?
10. What Is the Significance of Mural Nodules?
11. How Does One Distinguish a Primary from Secondary Mucinous Tumor in the Ovary?
12. How Are Seromucinous Tumors Different from Mucinous Borderline Tumor? Is Seromucinous Carcinoma of the Ovary a Distinct Entity?
13. How Is Endometrioid Borderline Tumor Distinguished from Low-Grade Endometrioid Carcinoma?
14. What Histologic Changes in Endometrioid Carcinoma Mimic Other Types of Ovarian Carcinoma?
15. What Are the Mimics of Primary Ovarian Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma?
16. What Is the Association Between Endometriosis and Clear Cell Carcinoma?
17. What Are the Morphologic Features of Clear Cell Carcinoma, and Do Any Correlate with Prognosis?
18. How Is Clear Cell Carcinoma Distinguished from Other Tumors Involving the Ovary with Clear Cytoplasm or Papillary Architecture?
19. How Are Brenner Tumor and Borderline Brenner Tumor/Brenner Tumor of Low Malignant Potential Distinguished?
20. What Other Subtypes of Tumors Are Associated with Brenner Tumor?
21. What Are the Diagnostic Criteria for Malignant Brenner Tumor, and How Is This Distinguished from Transitional Cell Carcinoma/Serous Carcinoma with Serotransitional Differentiation?
References
10: Ovary-II Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord Tumors
1. What Tumors Are Primitive Germ Cell Tumors?
2. What Immunohistochemical Markers Are Useful for Diagnosing Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors?
3. What Are the Major Differential Diagnoses for Dysgerminoma?
4. What Are the Major Differential Diagnoses for Embryonal Carcinoma?
5. How to Distinguish Yolk Sac Tumor from Clear Cell Carcinoma?
6. How Is Immature Teratoma Graded?
7. What Is Gliomatosis Peritonei?
8. What Is Growing Teratoma Syndrome?
9. What Is Struma Ovarii and How to Predict the Biologic Behavior of Struma Ovarii?
10. What Are the Morphologic Features and Clinical Significance of Gonadoblastoma?
11. What Should We Know About Fibromas, Thecomas, Cellular Fibromas, and Sclerosing Stromal Tumors?
12. What Is the Approach to Evaluating Diffuse Type Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors and its Mimics?
13. What Are the Histologic and Molecular Differences Between Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor (JGCT) and Small Cell Carcinoma, Hypercalcemia Type (SCCHT)?
14. What Is Microcystic Stromal Tumor and What Are the Associated Molecular Findings?
15. How Do We Define the Different Grades of Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors and Its Histologic Variants?
16. What Is the Current Classification of Steroid Cell Tumors in the Ovary?
17. What Are the Common Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors and Histologic Features Seen in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS)?
References
11: Miscellaneous Neoplasia of the Ovary
1. What Are the Clinical and Histopathological Features of Ovarian Lymphomas?
2. When Is Appropriate to Diagnose High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Ovary?
3. What Are the Diagnostic Features of Small Cell Carcinoma, Hypercalcemic Type?
4. What Is the General Approach in the Differential Diagnosis of Metastatic Carcinomas from Primary Ovarian Malignancies?
5. What Are the Features of Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to the Ovary?
6. What Are the Features of Metastatic Pancreaticobiliary Carcinoma to the Ovary?
7. What Are the Diagnostic Features of Krukenberg Tumor?
8. What Is the Best Way to Separate Metastatic Low-Grade Mucinous Tumor of the Appendix from Primary Mucinous Tumors of the Ovary?
9. What Are the Features of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma to the Ovary?
10. How to Separate Synchronous Primary Ovarian Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma from Metastatic Endometrial Primary?
11. How to Separate Primary Tubal/Ovarian High-Grade Serious Carcinoma from Endometrial Primary Serous Carcinoma?
12. How to Separate Synchronous Primary Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma from Metastatic Endocervical Adenocarcinoma?
References
12: Diseases of the Peritoneum
1. What Are the Associations with Sclerosing Peritonitis and Its Differential Diagnosis?
2. What Are the Clinical Considerations for Granulomatous Peritonitis?
3. What Are Peritoneal Keratin Granulomas and What Is Their Significance?
4. How Does One Differentiate Endosalpingiosis from Atypical Endosalpingiosis?
5. What Are Common and Uncommon Presentations of Endometriosis?
6. What Is Atypical Endometriosis, and How Does One Differentiate Atypical Changes from Malignant Neoplasms?
7. What Neoplasms and Mimickers Can Arise from Endometriosis?
8. How Does One Distinguish Diffuse Leiomyomatosis (Leiomyomatosis Peritonealis Disseminata) from Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma?
9. What Is Ectopic Decidual Change (Deciduosis) and What Neoplasms May Mimic It?
10. What Is the Significance of Gliomatosis Peritonei and What Tumors Are Associated with It?
11. What Considerations Must Be Taken with Epiploic Appendages?
12. What Are the Proliferative Lesions of the Mesothelium Encountered in the Peritoneum and What Are Their Characteristics?
13. Peritoneal Lesion: Mesothelial or Epithelial? How to Differentiate?
14. Mesothelial Proliferation: Is It Benign or Malignant?
15. What Ancillary Studies Are Useful in Differentiating Benign Mesothelial Proliferations from Malignant Mesothelioma?
16. Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma: When Is It Diagnosed and What Are Its Histologic Variants?
17. What Are the Common Causes of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis?
18. What Is the Origin of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei and How Is It Graded?
19. What Is the Differential Diagnosis for a Small Round Blue Cell Tumor in the Peritoneum?
20. What Are the Diagnostic Considerations for a Spindle Cell Lesion in a Peritoneal Biopsy?
References
13: Intraoperative Consultation
1. What Are the Clinical Frozen Section Indications and Implications of Cervical Cancer?
2. What Are the Typical Pitfalls of Frozen Section Evaluation of Cervical Cancer?
3. What Is the Role of Intraoperative Evaluation of Sentinel Lymph Nodes for Vulvar, Cervical, and Endometrial Cancer?
4. What Are the Clinical Frozen Section Indications and Implications of Endometrial Cancer?
5. What Sections Should Be Submitted for Intraoperative Evaluation of Endometrial Cancer?
6. What Are the Common Indications and Pitfalls of Frozen Section Evaluation of Uterine Mesenchymal Tumors?
7. What Are the Common Frozen Section Indications and Implications of Ovarian Tumors?
8. What Is the Recommended Frozen Section Sampling of Ovarian Mass Lesions?
9. What Are the Frozen Section Diagnostic Pitfalls of Ovarian Mucinous Borderline Tumors?
10. What Are the Helpful Gross and Microscopic Features of Primary Versus Metastatic Mucinous Carcinomas of the Ovary?
11. What Are the Frozen Section Diagnostic Pitfalls of Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinomas?
12. Is It Clinically Relevant to Distinguish Different Histologic Subtypes of Primary Ovarian Carcinoma on Frozen Section?
13. Is It Clinically Relevant to Differentiate Between Different Histologic Subtypes of Ovarian Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors on Frozen Section?
14. What Are the Frozen Section Diagnostic Pitfalls of Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors?
15. What Are the Helpful Clinical, Gross, and Microscopic Features in the Differential Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors with Cribriform Architecture?
16. What Are the Frozen Section Diagnostic Pitfalls of Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors?
17. What Is the Recommended Intraoperative Evaluation Protocol for Hereditary Gynecologic Cancer Syndromes?
18. What Are the Potential Diagnostic Pitfalls of Evaluating Uterine Contents and Ectopic Pregnancy on Frozen Section?
19. What Are the Common Scenarios for Frozen/Permanent Section Discrepancy and How to Address Them?
20. What Strategies Can Be Used to Minimize the Clinical Impact of Frozen/Permanent Section Discrepancy?
References
14: Inherited Cancer Syndromes
1. What Is Lynch Syndrome, and What Is the Genetic Basis of This Disease?
2. How Is Lynch Syndrome Diagnosed?
3. What Is the Correct Interpretation of Immunohistochemical (IHC) Results for Mismatch Repair (MMR) Proteins?
4. Are There Any Histopathologic Features Present in Gynecologic Tumors Which Suggest or Are Related to Lynch Syndrome?
5. What Is Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome, and What Is the Genetic Basis of This Disorder?
6. How Is Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Related to Gynecologic Clinicopathology?
7. What Is Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer (HLRCC) Syndrome? What Is the Pathogenic Mechanism of This Syndrome?
8. What Are Characteristic Features of Fumarate-Deficient Leiomyoma? How Useful Is the Immunohistochemical Screening?
9. What Is the Pathobiological Nature of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS)?
10. How Is Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules (SCTAT) Associated with PJS?
11. What Are Clinicopathologic Features of SCTAT?
12. Is Minimal Deviation Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Strongly Associated with PJS?
13. What Are Clinicopathologic Features of MDA?
14. What Is the Pathobiological Nature of Tuberous Sclerosis?
15. What Are Clinicopathologic Features of Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms (PEComa)?
16. How Do We Differentiate a Non-translocation PEComa (Possible TSC-Related) from a Translocation PEComa (Non TSC-Related)?
17. Other Than PEComa, What Are the Additional PEComa Family Lesions That May Affect Gynecological Organs?
18. What Is Cowden Syndrome, and How Is It Related to Gynecologic Pathology?
19. What Is DICER1 Syndrome, and What Is the Genetic Basis of This Disorder?
20. How Is Gynecologic Pathology Related to DICER1 Syndrome?
21. What Is Rhabdoid Tumor Predisposition Syndrome 2 (RTPS2) and How Is It Related to Gynecologic Pathology?
22. What Are Specific Pathologic Changes Related to Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Seen in Gynecology?
23. What Are Specific Pathologic Changes Related to Gorlin Syndrome Seen in Gynecology?
References
15: Immunohistochemistry
1. What Are the Immunohistochemical Features of HPV-Independent Squamous Lesions of the Vulva?
2. Why Is It Important to Detect HPV in Vulvar Squamous Proliferations? Are There Any Prognostic Differences Between HPV-Dependent and HPV-Independent Processes?
3. How Is p16 Used as a Surrogate Biomarker for High-Risk HPV?
4. Which Immunohistochemical Markers Are Best Used in the Differential Diagnosis of Pagetoid Involvement of the Vulvar Squamous Epithelium?
5. Is There Any Role for Immunohistochemistry in the Distinction of Mesenchymal Tumors of the Lower Female Genital Tract?
6. Which Immunohistochemical Markers Are Best Used to Classify Small Round Blue Cell Tumors of the Lower Female Genital Tract?
7. Are There Any Immunohistochemical Markers in Addition to p16 and High-Risk HPV That Can Characterize HPV-Independent Endocervical Adenocarcinoma?
8. Are There Any Biomarkers That Can Distinguish Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia from Other Conditions with Glandular Crowding?
9. Which Immunohistochemical Stains Can Be Used to Differentiate a Primary Endometrial from a Primary Endocervical Adenocarcinoma?
10. How Can Immunohistochemistry Distinguish Patterns of Endometrioid Carcinoma Mimicking Non-endometrioid Subtypes or Rare Variants of Endometrial Tumors That Mimic More Common Endometrial Carcinoma Subtypes?
11. Can Immunohistochemistry Be Utilized to Distinguish Between Endometrial Carcinoma Subtypes with Solid Architecture?
12. Is There Any Role in the Use of Immunohistochemistry to Distinguish Between Uterine Leiomyoma, Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (STUMP), and Leiomyosarcoma?
13. How Is Immunohistochemistry Useful in Classifying Cellular Mesenchymal Uterine Neoplasms Including Highly Cellular Leiomyoma Versus Low-Grade Endometrial Stromal Neoplasms and Low-Grade Versus High-Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma?
14. Which Immunomarkers May Be Used to Characterize Myometrial Mesenchymal Tumors with Epithelioid or Clear Cells?
15. Which Immunohistochemical Markers Are Utilized in the Evaluation of Uterine Mesenchymal Tumors with Myxoid Features?
16. What Are NTRK Sarcomas, and What Is Their Immunophenotype?
17. What Are the Correlating Immunohistochemical Criteria for the Diagnosis of Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma (STIC), and How Is This Distinguished from p53 Signature?
18. How Can Immunohistochemistry Be Used to Adjudicate Difficult to Grade Cases of Serous Carcinoma?
19. Which Immunohistochemical Markers Are Useful to Differentiate Between Various Types of Ovarian Epithelial Tumors and Non-epithelial Tumor Mimics?
20. Which Are the Most Commonly Used Markers to Identify a Sex Cord Stromal Tumor?
21. What Are the Most Commonly Used Markers in the Evaluation of Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary?
22. What Is the Best Panel to Utilize When Mesothelioma Is in the Differential Diagnosis of a Peritoneal Tumor?
23. Which Immunomarkers Best Discern Primary Versus Metastatic Carcinoma Involving the Upper Gynecologic Tract?
24. What Is the Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnostic Separation of Complete and Partial Mole?
25. How Can Immunohistochemistry Be Used to Differentiate Between Somatic and Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors as Well as Differentiate Between Subtypes of Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors?
26. What Are the Current Ancillary Studies Utilized to Evaluate Potential Therapeutic Options in Gynecologic Cancer?
References
16: Molecular Diagnosis
1. What Are Some Examples that Demonstrate Why the Combined Use of p57 Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Genotyping Can Improve the Diagnostic Accuracy of Complete Hydatidiform Moles (CHM)?
2. What Is the Expected Combined p57/Molecular Genotyping Result for Partial Hydatidiform Moles (PHM)?
3. What Are the Molecularly Defined Variants of High-Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma and What Are the Differential Diagnostic Considerations for Each?
4. Are the Variants of Uterine Leiomyosarcoma with Decreased Mitotic Rate Requirements (i.e., Myxoid and Epithelioid Variants) Molecularly Distinct from Conventional Spindle Cell Leiomyosarcomas? What Are Their Differential Diagnostic Consideration
5. What Are the Genetic Underpinnings of the Uterine and Cervical Tumors Mimicking Fibrosarcoma?
6. What Is the Significance of DICER1 Mutations in the Gynecologic Tract?
7. What Is the Molecular Hallmark of Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors (AGCT)?
8. Which Tumors in the Gynecologic Tract Are Characterized by Aberrations of the SWI/SNF Family of Proteins?
9. What Tumors in the Gynecologic Tract Have Microsatellite Instability (MSI)/Mismatch Repair Protein Deficiency (MMR-D) and What Are the Therapeutic Implications of Such Tumors?
10. Are There Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome-Associated Tumors in the Gynecologic Tract Other than Ovarian Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules (SCTAT) and Endocervical Gastric-type Adenocarcinoma?
References
Index