Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Laboratory Safety
Microscope Maintenance
The Micro Kit
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Stereomicroscope
Chapter 1A Familiarization with the Stereomicroscope
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Parts of a Stereomicroscope
Part II: Operation of Stereomicroscope
Procedure
Part III: Trace Evidence Unknown
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 2 Compound Light Microscope
Chapter 2A Familiarization with the Compound Light Microscope
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Parts of the Compound Microscope
Part II: Operation of the Compound Microscope
Procedure
Part III: Centering the Objectives
Procedure
Part IV: Setting Up Köhler Illumination
Procedure
Part V: Viewing Samples with the Compound Light Microscope
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 2B Measurements Using the Ocular Micrometer
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Calibration of the Ocular Micrometer
Procedure
Part II: Measurements Using the Calibrated Ocular Micrometer Scale
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 2C Microscopic Mounting Techniques
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Making Dry Mounts
Procedure
Part II: Making Scale Casts
Procedure
Part III: Making Liquid Mounts: Semi‐Permanent and Permanent Mounting Mediums
Procedure
Chapter 2D Determining Refractive Index
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Refractive Index Determination of Glass Samples by Becke Line Oil Immersion Method
Procedure
Part II: Determination of the Refractive Index of Samples by Identifying the Refractive Index of the Oil
Procedure
Part III: Refractive Index Determinations of Particles Using Dispersion Staining
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 3 Polarized Light Microscope
Chapter 3A Familiarization with the Polarized Light Microscope
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Parts of a Polarized Light Microscope
Part II: Operation of the Polarized Light Microscope
Procedure
Part III: Isotropic versus Anisotropic
Procedure
Part IV: Extinction Points and Birefringence
Procedure
Part V: Color and Pleochroism
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 3B Determining Refractive Index of Anisotropic Materials
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Observing n‐Parallel and n‐Perpendicular
Procedure
Part II: Determining n‐Parallel and n‐Perpendicular of an Unknown Fiber
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 3C Determining Sign of Elongation and Birefringence
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Sign of Elongation Using the First‐Order Compensator
Procedure
Part II: Sign of Elongation Using the Quartz Wedge
Procedure
Part III: Birefringence Measurement Using a Quartz Wedge
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 4 Fluorescence Microscope
Chapter 4A Familiarization with the Fluorescence Microscope
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Parts of a Fluorescence Microscope
Part II: Initial Operation of the Fluorescence Microscope
Procedure
Part III: Observing Sample Fluorescence
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 5 Phase Contrast Microscope
Chapter 5A Familiarization with the Phase Contrast Microscope
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Parts of a Phase Contrast Microscope
Part II: Operation of the Phase Contrast Microscope
Procedure
Part III: Using the Phase Contrast Microscope
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 6 Experiment 6: Physical Match Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Physical Match Examinations Using Edge Shape
Procedure
Part II: Physical Match Examinations Using Edge Shape and Surface Features
Procedure
Part III: Physical Match Examinations and “Mirror Images”
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 7 Experiment 7: Construction Examinations of Evidence
Objective
Introduction
Rope
Carpet
Duct Tape
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Construction Examinations Using the Stereomicroscope
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 8 Experiment 8: Lamp Filament Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Lamp Filament Examinations
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 9 Experiment 9: Fingerprint Examination and Comparison
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Fingerprint Examination
Procedure
Part II: Fingerprint Comparison
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 10 Experiment 10: Tool Mark Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Casting a Tool Mark
Procedure
Part II: Tool Mark Comparison
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 11 Experiment 11: Firearms Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Parts of the Comparison Stereomicroscope
Part II: Bullet and Cartridge Casing Comparisons
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 11A Gunshot Residue Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Color Tests for Nitrate and Nitrite
Modified Griess Test for Nitrites
Diphenylamine (DPA) Test for Nitrates
Part II: Color Tests for Lead and Antimony
Sodium Rhodizonate Test for Pb
Harrison‐Gilroy (Triphenylmethylarsonium Iodide) Test for Sb
Part III: Color Test for Copper
Dithiooxamide (DTO)
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 12 Experiment 12: Shoe and Tire Impression Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Casting an Impression
Procedure
Part II: Two‐dimensional Print Comparison
Procedure
Part III: Three‐dimensional Impression Comparison
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 13 Experiment 13: Botanical Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Marijuana
Soft and Hard Woods
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Marijuana Examinations
Procedure
Part II: Wood Examinations
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 14 Experiment 14: Paint Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Cross Sections
Procedure
Part II: Solubility
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 15 Experiment 15: Cigarette Butt Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Cigarette Butt Examination
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 16 Experiment 16: Document Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Paper
Ink
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Paper Fiber Separation
Procedure A
Procedure B: For Paper Samples That Will Not Disintegrate with Procedure A
Part II: Paper Fiber Staining
Procedure
Part III: Ink Spot Tests
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 17 Experiment 17: Hair Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Macroscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Characteristics
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Macroscopic Examination of Hair
Procedure
Part II: Scale Casts
Procedure
Part III: Animal Hair and Human Hair Characteristics
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 17A Animal Hair Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Deer Family and Antelope
Fur‐Bearing Family
Domestic Family
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Animal Hair Examination
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 17B Determination of Racial and Somatic Origin Characteristics of Human Hair
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Human Hair Examination
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 17C Human Hair Examinations and Comparisons
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Human Hair Examinations
Procedure
Part II: Human Hair Comparisons
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 17D Evaluation of Human Hair for DNA
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Evaluation of Human Hair for DNA
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 18 Experiment 18: Feather Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Feather Examination
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 19 Experiment 19: Glass Breakage Determinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Fluorescence of Float Glass
Procedure
Part II: Reconstruction of Glass Fragments
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 19A Glass Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Refractive Index by Immersion Method
Becke Line Method
Oblique Illumination Method
Part II: Density by the Sink‐Float Method
Comparative Density Determination of Glass Fragments by the Sink‐Float Method
Absolute Density Determination of Glass Fragments by the Sink‐Float Method
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 20 Experiment 20: Fiber Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Examination of Fibers
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 20A Natural Fiber Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Plant Fibers
Animal Fibers
Mineral Fibers
Characteristics of Natural Fibers
Natural Fiber Tests
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Natural Fiber Examination
Procedure
Part II: Refractive Index Determination
Procedure
Part III: Observing Fluorescence
Procedure
Part IV: Twist Test
Procedure
Part V: Billinghame Test
Procedure
Part VI: Herzog Test
Procedure
Part VII: Burn Tests
Procedure
Part VIII: Solubility Test
Procedure
Part IX: Unknown Natural Fiber
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 20B Man‐made Fiber Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Man‐Made Fiber Examination
Procedure
Part II: Refractive Index Determination
Procedure
Part III: Sign of Elongation
Procedure
Part IV: Observing Fluorescence
Procedure
Part V: Burn Tests
Procedure
Part VI: Solubility Test
Procedure
Part VII: Unknown Man‐Made Fiber
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 20C Fiber Comparisons
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Fiber Comparisons
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 21 Soil Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Color and Overall Composition
Procedure
Part II: Density Distribution of Mineral Content
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Chapter 21A Identification of Minerals in Soil
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Observing the Two Refractive Indices in a Uniaxial Crystal
Procedure
Part II: Determining ω Refractive Index for a Uniaxial Crystal
Part III: Observing a Typical Uniaxial Interference Figure: Determining the Optic Sign of a Uniaxial Crystal
Procedure
Part IV: Determining Crystal Orientation
Procedure
Part V: Observing a Typical Biaxial Interference Figure: Determining the Optic Sign of a Biaxial Crystal
Procedure
Part VI: Unknown Crystal Type and Optic Sign
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 22 Experiment 22: Microchemical Testing – Inorganic Ions
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Standard Methods for Microcrystalline Tests
Cations
Anions
Part I: Microchemical Testing of Known Samples
Procedure
Part II: Microchemical Unknowns
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 23 Experiment 23: Building Material Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Cement and Concrete
Insulation
Plaster and Drywall
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Cement and Concrete
Procedure
Part II: Fiberglass versus Rock Wool Samples
Procedure
Part III: Plaster and Drywall Samples
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 24 Experiment 24: Explosive Residue Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Propellant Examination
Procedure
Part II: Spot Tests
Part III: Microchemical Test
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 25 Experiment 25: Food Condiment Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Sugar
Starch
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Sugar and Sugar Alcohol Examination
Procedure
Part II: Starch Examination
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 26 Experiment 26: Plastic Film Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Plastic Films and Bags
Tapes
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Physical Examination of Plastic Film Samples
Procedure
Part II: Tape Examination
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 27 Experiment 27: Microscopic Examination of Controlled Substances
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Color Test
Duquenois‐Levine Color Test for Marijuana
Liebermann's Color Test for Methcathinone and Most Synthetic Cannabinoids
Cobalt Thiocyanate Color Test for Cocaine and Related Drugs
Mandelin Color Test for Opium Derivatives, Amphetamines, and Other Alkaloids
Marquis Color Test for Opium Derivatives, Amphetamines, and Other Alkaloids
Mecke's Color Test for Opiates
Part II: Microcrystalline Tests
Procedure for Solid Samples
Procedure for 1 mg/mL Standard Solutions
Procedure for Observing Crystals
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Part I: Color Tests
Part II: Microcrystalline Tests
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 28 Experiment 28: Semen Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Sample Slide Preparation
Procedure
Part II: Sperm Slide Staining
Christmas Tree Stain
Hematoxylin‐Eosin Stain
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 29 Experiment 29: Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectrometry Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Paint
Fibers
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Familiarization with the FTIR
Part II: Paint
Procedure
Part III: Fibers
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 30 Experiment 30: UV‐Visible‐NIR Microspectrophotometry Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Paint
Fibers
Ink
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Familiarization with the Microspectrophotometer
Part II: Paint
Procedure
Part III: Fibers
Procedure
Part IV: Ink
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 31 Experiment 31: Thermal Microscopy Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Fibers
Glass
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Melting Point Determination for Fibers
Part II: Emmons Double Variation Method of Refractive Index Determination for Glass
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 32 Experiment 32: Scanning Electron Microscopy Examinations
Objective
Introduction
Paint
Glass
Gunshot Residue (GSR)
Equipment and Supplies
Safety
Part I: Familiarization with the SEM/EDX
Part II: Paint
Procedure
Part III: Glass
Procedure
Part III: GSR
Procedure
Report Requirements
Report Questions
Recommended and Further Reading
Chapter 33 Experiment 33: Case Study Scenario
Objective
Introduction
Procedure
Report Requirements
Appendices
Appendix A Optical Properties of Natural Fibers
Appendix B Optical Properties of Man‐made Fibers
Appendix C Michel‐Lévy Chart
Appendix D Dispersion Staining Graph
Appendix E Circle Template
Glossary of Microscopy Terms
Index
EULA
